西双版纳橡胶林细根生物量及其周转

用土钻法研究了西双版纳橡胶Hevea brasiensis林0～20cm土层中≤2mm细根的生物量和生长量,用分解袋法研究了橡胶林细根的分解,结果表明:0～10cm的细根生物量显著高于10～20cm的细根生物量(p<0.01);在0～20cm土层中,橡胶林活细根和死细根现存量分别为2 206 kg·hm~(-2)和345 kg·hm~(-2);活细根现存量的最大值出现在5月份,最小值出现在11月份;死细根现存量的最大值出现在2月份,最小值出现在8月份;年分解量、年死亡量、年生长量和年周转率分别为213 kg·hm~(-2)、733 kg·hm~(-2)、1 801 kg·hm~(-2)和82%。     

Relative contribution of initial root and shoot morphology in predicting field performance of hardwood seedlings

Single and multiple linear regression techniques were used to explain the capacity of initial seedling root volume (Rv) and first-order lateral roots (FOLR) relative to shoot height, diameter, and fresh mass to serve as important indicators of stock quality and predictors of first- and second-year height and diameter on an afforestation site in southern Indiana, USA. This was accomplished for northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), white oak (Quercus alba L.), and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh) seedlings graded into four Rv categories at establishment. Field survival was high (85–97%) for all species. Initial diameter, height, fresh mass, and Rv provided similar predictive ability of second-year field response for absolute height (R² = 0.59–0.77) and diameter (R² = 0.50–0.73) for both oak species. Initial seedling Rv was a better predictor of field response than FOLR for both oak species, though not for cherry. Multiple-variable models accounted for a greater proportion of the total variation in seedling field height and diameter than did single-variable equations. The high R² (up to 0.95) of regression models suggests field performance of these species can be reliably predicted and confirms the importance of initial seedling morphology in dictating early plantation performance.     

铀尾矿库茅草植物根系发育的分形特征

研究了非线性科学中的分形几何理论,并将其应用到植物根系发育的结构上,对铀尾矿库上采集的茅草（Lemongrass）植物根系分形特征进行了研究。用FractalFox软件计算了植物根系的分形维数,结果发现：这种植物根系分维数都介于1．3305～1．5214之间,说明这种植物根系分形特征明显。实验中还发现生长在水环境旁的根系分维数明显高于在干燥环境下的根系分维数,说明湿润的环境能促进植物根系发育。     

A new method for evaluating symplastic cadmium absorption in the roots of Solanum melongena using enriched isotopes 113Cd and 114Cd

Radioisotope techniques are well known as methods for evaluating symplastic ion absorption in roots. In the present study, a new method for evaluating symplastic cadmium (Cd) absorption in plant roots was developed using the enriched isotopes ¹¹³Cd and ¹¹⁴Cd. Seedlings of Solanum melongena were exposed to an enriched isotope solution of ¹¹³Cd at 25°C for 30 min. The roots were excised from each seedling and were then immersed in a cold buffer solution without Cd at 2°C for 120 min to suppress the metabolic activity of the roots. Finally, the roots were treated with a cold buffer solution containing enriched stable isotope ¹¹⁴Cd at 2°C for 120 min, whereby the apoplastically bound ¹¹³Cd was desorbed. We tested the validity of our method for evaluating symplastic Cd in roots compared with the conventional method based on differences in the amount of Cd absorbed at 2°C and 25°C using unlabeled Cd. There was no difference in the symplastic Cd content of the roots between the two methods. These results indicate that it is possible to evaluate the symplastic Cd content in roots using the enriched isotopes ¹¹³Cd and ¹¹⁴Cd.     

Variation for plant characters and for performance of softwood cuttings of Rosa canina ‘Inermis’ seedlings

Summary Thirty, one-season-old Rosa canina Inermis seedlings (8–12 mm in diameter) were grown in the greenhouse. After 5 months, single-node softwood cuttings were made of each plant. Analysis of variance demonstrated marked differences between the internode length, number of leaflets per leaf and the leaf area of the original seedling, and between the time of axillary bud-break, axillary sprout length and weight of adventitious roots of their 23-day-old cuttings. Clonal root weight of cuttings was highly significantly correlated with: number of leaflets per leaf (r=–0.65), leaf area (r=+0.65), and days to axillary bud-break (r=+0.62). The origin of heterogeneity among Inermis seedling rootstocks, its probable effect on the flower production of cut roses and its possible use in the selection for clonal rootstocks are discussed.     

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

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Potatoes

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After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Fresh tomatoes

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From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Processing tomatoes

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From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

地中仪地膜棉灌溉试验特征分析

利用不同地下水埋深的地中仪进行地膜棉的灌溉试验,分析了地膜棉不同生育期时蒸发、入渗的变化特征：受地膜棉的蒸腾作用,灌溉入渗量随其日耗水量增加而显著减少;棉花根系吸水影响深度与其日耗水强度成指数关系,其根系吸水最大影响深度为2．76m;棉花根系利用地下水量随埋深增加而减小,棉田最佳的灌水湿润深度应小于1．0m,当灌水湿润深度超过1．5m时,其根系不能更多利用地下水,即可认为是深层入渗。     

耕作方式与秸秆覆盖对夏玉米根系分布及产量的影响

为探究夏玉米根系分布及水分利用效率对不同耕作结合秸秆覆盖模式的动态响应,于2017年和2018年在河套灌区开展不同耕作模式田间试验。试验设置,常规(CK)、秸秆表覆(BF)、深翻结合秸秆深埋(SM)和深翻结合秸秆深埋与表覆(BFSM)4种处理。结果表明,BF处理显著提高水平向根长密度,较CK处理高24.7%,SM、BFSM处理显著提高深层根长密度,较CK处理高23.8%;2017年夏玉米根长密度与标准化根深呈显著的三阶多项式函数关系,用2018年实测值率定效果较好,可较好描述不同耕作模式根长密度分布。BF、SM、BFSM处理较CK处理根冠比显著提高3.8%、20.8%、26.4%(P<0.05),较CK处理夏玉米产量及水分利用效率分别显著提高8.6%、19.5%、19.7%和13.6%、32.3%、34.8%(P<0.05),SM与BFSM处理差异不显著。该研究为河套灌区农业耕作模式提供一定借鉴。     

紫色土丘陵区生物埂不同植被类型土壤分离水动力学特征

野外采集紫色土区六棱型预制网格式护坡生物埂内不同植被类型原状土样,通过室内模拟细沟水槽(长4 m,宽0.12 m,深0.1 m)冲刷试验,探究不同植被类型影响下土壤分离能力与水动力学参数之间的关系。选择麦冬、韭菜2种生物埂类型,以单一网格式裸坡为对照,在3个坡度(15°,20°,25°)、5个流量(39.86,59.98,79.67,100.45,121.16 L/min)组合条件下进行冲刷试验。结果表明:生物埂内不同植被类型下土壤分离能力差异显著(P0.05),表现为麦冬(均值2.24 kg/(s·m~2))对照(均值1.34 kg/(s·m~2))韭菜(均值1.09 kg/(s·m~2))。幂函数方程可用于描述土壤分离能力与水流剪切力(R~2=0.75)、水流功率(R~2=0.73)、单位水流功率(R~2=0.46)及过水断面单位能量(R~2=0.63)间的数学关系。生物埂各植被类型下土壤发生分离的临界剪切力τ_c表现为τ_c麦冬(8.75 Pa)τ_c韭菜(6.47 Pa)τ_c对照(1.93 Pa),表明植被可增强网格式护坡生物埂土壤抵抗分离的能力。