Factors Influencing the Bioavailability of Peroral Formulations of Drugs for Dogs

The oral route is presently the preferred route of drug delivery. Poor oral bioavailability results in variable concentrations of drugs in the plasma and variable pharmacological responses, in addition to higher product costs. The unique canine physiology, anatomy and biochemistry makes designing canine dosage forms a challenging exercise. This article reviews the physicochemical, physiological, pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and formulation factors that can influence the drug availability of the oral formulations in dogs in an effort to provide a source of data to aid development of canine drug products with superior bioavailability.     

复方黄柏颗粒剂在小鼠体内的药代动力学

为探讨复方黄柏颗粒剂有效成分-盐酸小檗碱在小鼠体内的药动学特征,按25 g/kg(相当于盐酸小檗碱10.95 mg/kg)的剂量经口给予小鼠复方黄柏颗粒剂,用高效液相色谱法检测用药后不同时间血浆中盐酸小檗碱的质量浓度,研究在小白鼠体内的药物动力学。结果表明口服复方黄柏颗粒的有效成分-盐酸小檗碱在小鼠体内的药时数据符合开放性二室模型,动力学方程为C=17.8e-0.859 81t 14.51e-0.636 1t。主要药代动力学参数:t1/2α为(0.81±0.07)h,t1/2β为(5.25±2.96)h,t1/2Ka为(0.76±0.05)h,AUC0→∞为(3.389 3±0.437 4)mg.L-1.h,CL/F为(3.281 8±0.446 3)L/h,Vd/F为(13.65±22.38)L/kg,Tpeak为(1.617 19±0.056 50)h,Cmax为(1.149 98±0.056 04)μg/mL。     

Enhancement of protective immune responses by oral vaccination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing recombinant Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ApxIA or ApxIIA in mice

We previously induced protective immune response by oral immunization with yeast expressing the ApxIIA antigen. The ApxI antigen is also an important factor in the protection against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 infection; therefore, the protective immunity in mice following oral immunization with Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing either ApxIA (group C) or ApxIIA (group D) alone or both (group E) was compared with that in two control groups (group A and B). The immunogenicity of the rApxIA antigen derived from the yeast was confirmed by a high survival rate and an ApxIA-specific IgG antibody response (p < 0.01). The highest systemic (IgG) and local (IgA) humoral immune responses to ApxIA and ApxIIA were detected in group E after the third immunization (p < 0.05). The levels of IL-1β and IL-6 after challenge with an A. pleuropneumoniae field isolate did not change significantly in the vaccinated groups. The level of TNF-α increased in a time-dependent manner in group E but was not significantly different after the challenge. After the challenge, the mice in group E had a significantly lower infectious burden and a higher level of protection than the mice in the other groups (p < 0.05). The survival rate in each group was closely correlated to the immune response and histopathological observations in the lung following the challenge. These results suggested that immunity to the ApxIA antigen is required for optimal protection.     

犬声带切除术的研究

犬声带切除术是目前小动物临床外科的常见手术，主要目的是消除或降低犬的吠叫声音。切除声带的手术途径有两种，即经口腔切除和经腹侧喉室切除。选取20只2岁左右的杂种犬，随机分成2组。第l组采用腹侧喉室声带切除术，术后半年的消声率为80oA；第2组采用经口腔声带切除术，术后半年的消声率为40％。但采用经口腔声带切除术，手术比较简便和快捷，损伤小，恢复较快。因此，经口腔声带切除术是一种较好的犬声带切除方法。     

苹果轮纹病菌复配药剂室内筛选试验

采用生长速率法进行多菌灵、甲基托布津、扑海因、三唑酮、代森锰锌、福美双6种药剂对轮纹病菌的毒力测定.结果表明:多菌灵、甲基托布津和扑海因对轮纹病菌具有较好的抑制作用;采用生长速率法和孢子萌发抑制试验,进行多菌灵∶扑海因=1∶1、多菌灵∶扑海因=2∶1、甲基托布津∶扑海因=1∶1、甲基托布津∶扑海因=2∶1这4种混配药剂对轮纹病菌毒力测定,结果表明:除了多菌灵∶扑海因=2∶1的处理外,其余3个处理共毒系数均大于100,说明混配后具有明显的加性效应,其配比可作为药剂加工的混配比例.     

上海纳米科技对虾养殖“三加一”复合技术及其在广东的推广应用

纳米科技是21世纪三大前沿科技领域之一，各发达国家的许多产业均在开发研究。法国、日本、泰国、马来西亚等国均已应用纳米科技养虾，我国在上世纪末已开始探索，广东已走在前面，取得了较好的效果，运用了上海的“三合一”和“三加一”纳米对虾养殖的复合技术。     

“Do Not Let the Grange Die!” Michigan Grangers' Struggle for Continued Relevance in the Twenty-First Century

ABSTRACT

The Grange was founded during a time when farmers were the majority of the population and secrecy was a means of survival. More than one hundred thirty-five years later, those characteristics are still strongly associated with it. Yet there is a growing consciousness among many members that the Grange has to become better at promoting itself among nontraditional constituencies-or it will die. This article explores the Grange experiences of five members. All have been profoundly affected by their membership. All are struggling with the need to reconcile loyalty to tradition with the need to change and adapt. In sharing their thoughts and feelings, the study has the opportunity to consider what the Grange's past was, what its present is, and what its future may become.     

PN型木材阻燃防腐复合剂的研制

ＰＮ型木材用阻燃防腐复合剂是一种含有磷氮及防腐剂成分的浅绿色或无色透明液体，经该复合剂处理的木材试件，氧指数＞５０％。木垛法测定的结果是，当木材的复合剂吸收量达７０ｋｇ／ｍ３以上时，燃烧失重趋于稳定，失重率保持在２５％以下。４５°斜面燃烧法测定，复合剂处理材达难燃级水平。复合剂中含有２％的防腐剂时，真菌腐蚀后的试材重量损失率小于３％，能防止木材腐朽变质。复合剂处理材的部分力学性能、胶合、抗吸湿性稍有降低，但对油漆、金属腐蚀无影响。该复合剂适用于车辆木结构材及其他室内木材的处理。     

烟熏牛肉方腿的研制

以牛肉为主要原料加工烟熏牛肉方腿。通过试验选择复配胶作为该产品的粘合剂,通过烟熏等手段及防腐剂的选择和配制,研制出口感好、脂肪含量较低并具有烟熏牛肉风味的方腿。     

天山北坡低山草地复合体植物群落重要值差异分析

由于坡向、坡度、坡面与坡位的不同,导致水热及光照再分配,形成山地复合体,产生了不同的草地类型。本试验研究草原与荒漠草原复合体植物群落主要牧草重要值的差异,用SPSS软件包对其差异进行分析,分析影响山地复合体草地植物重要值的主导环境因子,结果表明,温度及光照是其主要影响因子。