猪粪秸秆堆肥替代化肥对春玉米碳代谢关键酶、产量及品质的影响

在吉林省松原市宁江区大洼镇开展两年的田间试验,明确猪粪秸秆堆肥替代化肥对春玉米碳代谢的调控效应,确定猪粪秸秆堆肥替代化肥比例。采用裂区试验设计,主区设置2个猪粪秸秆堆肥施用量,副区设置堆肥替代化肥比例3个水平,探讨猪粪秸秆堆肥替代化肥对春玉米碳代谢、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,随着堆肥替代化肥比例增加,玉米碳代谢水平逐渐增强,玉米的产量及品质逐步提升,堆肥20 000 kg/hm²替代20%化肥(C2F2)处理表现最佳,相较不能堆肥、常规施肥(F0)处理条件下春玉米PEP羧化酶活性、RUBP羧化酶活性分别提高了29.69%、19.03%。产量提高了18.6%,淀粉、粗蛋白、脂肪含量分别提高了6.73%、12.90%、14.24%。综上所述,施用猪粪秸秆堆肥20 000 kg/hm²替代20%化肥可以显著提高春玉米碳代谢关键酶活性、产量及品质。     

Analysis of Structural Determinants of Peptide MS 9a-1 Essential for Potentiating of TRPA1 Channel

The TRPA1 channel is involved in a variety of physiological processes and its activation leads to pain perception and the development of inflammation. Peptide Ms 9a-1 from sea anemone Metridium senile is a positive modulator of TRPA1 and causes significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects by desensitization of TRPA1-expressing sensory neurons. For structural and functional analysis of Ms 9a-1, we produced four peptides—Ms 9a-1 without C-terminal domain (abbreviated as N-Ms), short C-terminal domain Ms 9a-1 alone (C-Ms), and two homologous peptides (Ms 9a-2 and Ms 9a-3). All tested peptides possessed a reduced potentiating effect on TRPA1 compared to Ms 9a-1 in vitro. None of the peptides reproduced analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Ms 9a-1 in vivo. Peptides N-Ms and C-Ms were able to reduce pain induced by AITC (selective TRPA1 agonist) but did not decrease AITC-induced paw edema development. Fragments of Ms 9a-1 did not effectively reverse CFA-induced thermal hyperalgesia and paw edema. Ms 9a-2 and Ms 9a-3 possessed significant effects and anti-inflammatory properties in some doses, but their unexpected efficacy and bell-shape dose–responses support the hypothesis of other targets involved in their effects in vivo. Therefore, activity comparison of Ms 9a-1 fragments and homologues peptides revealed structural determinants important for TRPA1 modulation, as well as analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Ms9a-1.     

兔粪堆肥处理技术简介

通过对兔粪堆肥处理的研究,结合堆肥技术相关资料,总结了一套兔粪堆肥的无害化处理技术,包括兔粪堆肥的目的、原料选择、堆肥方式、基本过程、影响兔粪堆肥效果的主要因素、兔粪堆肥腐熟参考依据6个方面内容,希望对养兔场在进行兔粪无害化处理时有所帮助。     

玉米秸秆腐解过程中形成胡敏酸的组成和结构研究

采用化学方法和谱学方法对玉米秸秆腐解生成胡敏酸（CCSR HA）的组成和结构进行了研究.结果表明,CCSR HA的碳组成可分成三个部分：脂肪族碳、芳香族碳和羧基碳,它们的含量分别为59.62%、26.94%和13.44%.CCSR HA主要的官能团包括羟基、烷基、羧基、酰胺基、苯环、烷氧基及碳水化合物结构,木质素残体是其骨架,碳水化合物结构或类糖结构及烷基片段是其主要组成单元.其类型属于Rp型胡敏酸.未腐解的玉米秸秆本身就含有类胡敏酸物质（OCSR HA）,OCSR HA和CCSR HA的官能团组成上有一定差异,后者结构中,甲基、亚甲基、次甲基、醚键官能团和酚羟基的含量降低,而酰胺成分、游离的羧基、甲氧基、碳水化合物组分相对含量升高,脂族性升高,芳香性降低,芳香度由初始的42.19降至腐解后的29.97,并且与无机物质的结合能力增强.就元素组成的变化看,CCSR HA中C和H元素的含量趋于降低,而N和O元素的含量趋于升高.CCSR HA同土壤胡敏酸相比,糖类结构含量较高,并且以片段的形式与水解木质素残体相连.羧基含量较低,但以不同的连接方式存在着.     

粪肥堆腐中尿囊素含量变化及添加物对其变化的影响

研究粪肥堆腐过程中尿囊素 ( All)含量变化表明 :4种粪肥的变化趋势相同即呈抛物线型 ,但变化的速度不同。加入含氮添加物能显著提高粪肥中 All的含量 ,并在堆腐后期能减缓All的下降速率。研究还表明 ,蛋白质和核酸的变化对 All的含量也有影响 ,通径分析结果 ,蛋白质对 All的累积直接贡献大 ,核酸的直接作用较小 ,两者的间接作用都小     

Greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sink capacity of amended soils evaluated under laboratory conditions

Soil sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ through land application of organic residues may have beneficial effects as a strategy to offset the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. The significance of different variables on GHG production and soil C sink capacity was investigated by monitoring CO₂ and N₂O fluxes from amended soils under laboratory conditions. In the first experiment, the effects of the chemical composition and complexity of three N-rich organic fertilisers (blood meal, hydrolysed leather, and hoof and horn meal) on the CO₂ and N₂O productions were studied. A second experiment was aimed at evaluating the effects of the degree of transformation of composts prepared from two-phase olive mill waste on soil C sink capacity. The three N-rich organic fertilisers caused different CO₂ and N₂O evolution patterns in the amended soils, despite their similar elemental composition. The total amount of added C that was mineralised in the soil ranged from 10.4% to 15.5%, while N₂O-N originating from horn and hoof meal was 6 and 13 times higher than that coming from hydrolysed leather and blood meal, respectively. Mineralisation of the C added to the soil was inversely correlated to the degree of stabilisation of the composting mixtures. Soils amended with the initial composting mixture evolved from 2 to 7.3 times more CO₂-C than the soil amended with the more stabilised compost. However, the C conservation efficiency of organic residues, calculated by the combined losses during composting, and after land application, was higher for the less transformed organic materials. Both studies showed the key importance of the variables studied on the GHG emissions and C sink efficiency of amended soils under controlled conditions. Laboratory experiments could be a useful tool to assist in the designing of field scale experiments for an effective quantification and monitoring of the overall changes in soil C and N pools.     

Monitoring biochemical activity during sewage sludge composting

A sewage sludge with the addition of two woody materials (1 : 2 ratio), tree-pruning chips and vine shoots, to provide structure were composted under controlled conditions of temperature (28°C) and humidity (70% ambient humidity). Hydrolytic enzyme activities [urease, phosphatase, N-benzoil l-argininamide (BBA) hydrolysing protease, casein-hydrolysing protease, ATP, hydrosoluble and hydrolysable polysaccharides] were determined during the aerobic incubation. Samples were taken and incubated under the same conditions in an accelerative bioreactor to test potential C mineralisation by measuring the CO₂ evolved. A rapid mineralisation phase (2–3 weeks) was followed by a slow maturation (4–14 weeks) period. The slow phase and the dynamics of substrate decomposition were better indicated by the hydrolytic enzyme activities that were measured. The structuring agents slightly retarded the compositing process with tree prunings having the strongest effect. Hydrolysable polysaccharides and Folin-reactive compounds (proteins, polyphenols) released by the structure-providing lignocellulose material appear to have controlled both the intensity and the length of the maturation phase.     

Carbon and nitrogen transformation during composting of sweet sorghum bagasse

Two types of compost, consisting of sweet sorghum bagasse with either sewage sludge or a mixture of pig slurry and poultry manure, were studied in a pilot plant using the Rutgers system. The total degradation of the piles as determined by the weight loss of organic matter during the bio-oxidative and maturation phases accounted for 64% of the organic matter applied and followed a first-order kinetic function. Concentrations of total and organic N increased during the composting process as the degradation of organic C compounds reduced the compost weight. Losses of N through NH₃ volatilization were low, particularly in the compost with sewage sludge due to pH values of <7.0 and the low temperatures reached in the compost during the first 2 weeks. The C:N ratio in the two composts decreased from 24.0 and 15.4 to values between 12 and 10. Increases in cation exchange capacity and in fulvic and humic acid-like C revealed that the organic matter had been humified during composting. The humification index, the C:N ratio, fulvic:humic acid-like C, and cation exchange capacity proved to be the most suitable parameters for assessing the maturity of these composts.     

Comparison of a gas detection tubes test with the traditional alkaline trap method to evaluate compost stability

Compost stability is an important parameter of compost quality. Among tests proposed to evaluate compost stability, microbial respiration is one of the better accepted tests. Variations in rates of CO₂ evolution during composting were studied in two pilot pruning waste piles using a windrow composting system. To measure the CO₂ production rate, two methods were compared: the alkaline trap test and gas detection tubes. Both respiration tests indicated increasing compost stability with processing time, but CO₂ evolution rates from the alkaline trap method were higher than values from the gas detection tube method. A first-order kinetic equation was used to describe CO₂ evolution over time. A linear relationship (r=0.81, p<0.01) was found between the two methods. Although both methods could distinguish unstable compost from stable compost, CO₂ detection tubes were easier to use and gave results in a shorter period of time.     

微生态制剂中抑菌物质的分析

本文以一种市售微生态制剂为试材,对其产生的抑菌活性物质的生化性质做了研究,发现该抑菌物质显示活性的ｐＨ范围为４．０～６．０,ｐＨ值变化对其活性影响较大,ｐＨ值为７．０时活性全部消失;该活性物质对热不敏感,１２１℃处理３０ｍｉｎ后,其活性无明显变化;紫外光照射也不能使它失活;随发酵时间的延长,发酵液中的抑菌活性物质逐渐增加。根据其生化性质可以判断该抑菌物质是一种分子量较小,结构简单的多肽,具有广谱抑