拟除虫菊酯和有机磷农药对三种扇贝稚贝的急性毒性效应

采用静水实验法测定拟除虫菊酯类和有机磷类农药对三种扇贝稚贝的急性毒性效应.结果表明:联苯菊酯对海湾扇贝、栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝稚贝24 h的LC50的分别为1.460、1.662和2.909 mg/L;辛琉磷对海湾扇贝、栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝稚贝24 h的LC50的分别44.598、182.167和39.334 μg/L;马拉...     

The influence of feeding history on the acute stress response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The effect of an 80-day maintenance-feeding period on the acute stress response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, to net confinement was determined. Fish were raised on an optimal feeding level of 20 g food/kg of metabolic fish weight per day (g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹) until 124 days post-hatch (dph). Feeding in group one (L>H) was then reduced to maintenance levels, i.e. 5 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹ until 204 dph, when the feeding was again increased to 20 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹. In group two (H>L), the feeding level was reduced from 20 to 5 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹ on day 146. All fish were sampled at 226 dph. Food ration had significant effects on the growth rate and food conversion values with fish fed the high ration performing better than those on a lower level. Prior to the application of the stressor, only plasma levels of triglycerides were lower in fish fed a low food ration (H>L). Feeding history influenced the onset of the stress response with stressor-induced elevations of plasma cortisol, glucose and free fatty acids being higher in fish fed a high ration compared with those fed a low ration prior to sampling. These results suggest that feeding history through modification of the energy reserves can influence the onset of the acute stress response.     

鲤鱼种间、种内杂交中杂种优势强度表现的某些规律的初步研究

从1986年至1990年于我所松浦试验场,用黑龙江野鲤、荷包红鲤、兴国红鲤、红镜鲤、散鳞镜鲤、德国镜鲤和柏氏鲤进行了种间、种内14个组合的杂交,系统观察了不同组合亲本和杂种F_1在鳞被、体色、体型、生长、成活率、抗寒力、抗病力和起捕率等8个性状的遗传传递规律及其杂种优势强度,结果是.(1)鲤鱼种内异源杂交几乎所有的杂交组合的杂种F_1都表现出生长优势和对环境抗性的增强,其大小随亲本的亲缘远近和鳞被、体色、体型等性状间的差异而不同。一般品系间杂交,杂种生长的优势率在10％左右;品种间杂交,单交种的生长优势率在15—30％,三杂交种的生长优势率在30％以上。在抗寒、抗病、成活率等抗性上,表现出受其中一个亲本的影响,且有明显的母本效应,并可遗传传递给杂种后代。鳞被、体色、体型的基因效应,对杂种的生长有明显的促进作用。(2)鲤鱼种间杂交几乎不表现杂种优势,其特点:是柏氏鲤和黑龙江野鲤两个野生种间杂交,成活率、抗寒力强烈的表现不亲和性;而柏氏鲤与家养种间的杂交,表现一定的亲和性。亲本和杂种F_1的鳞被、体色仍表现显隐性关系,而体型、抗寒、抗病、成活率、起捕率等受柏氏鲤种质的强烈影响。获得抗寒力的杂种,在第二代时抗寒力明显消失,说明基因转移和整合的不稳定性。用柏氏鲤与散鳞镜鲤杂交的杂种F_1与另一抗寒很强的杂种F_1(黑龙江野鲤♀×红镜鲤♂)的双杂交种F_1,抗寒明显增强。     

Application of Azotobacter enhances pond productivity and fish biomass in still water ponds

Two strains (derepressed-nitrogen fixing, Mac-27 and phosphate solubilizing, PS-21) of Azotobacter chroococcum were inoculated in fish culture ponds, singly and in combination with inorganic fertilizers (urea, single superphosphate–SSP). Physico-chemical parameters of pond waters, plankton production and fish biomass were studied. Inoculation of A. chroococcum (Mac-27) enhanced nitrogenase activity and rate of nitrogen fixation. A slight reduction in nitrogen fixation and nitrogenase activity was noticed when urea at 96 kg ha–1 y–1 was mixed with the biofertilizer (Mac-27). Inoculation of PS-21 enhanced phosphate solubilization, but Kjeldahl-nitrogen concentration values remained low in comparison with controls. On the other hand, inoculation of Azotobacter (either strain) enhanced the accumulation of ammonium-N, nitrite-N and nitrate-N. A significant (p < 0.05) reduction in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration also took place when Azotobacter (both Mac-27 and PS-21) was inoculated in fish ponds. However, when used along with inorganic fertilizers, the reduction was not significant. The pH values were only slightly lowered when the phosphate-solubilizing strain (PS-21) of Azotobacter was inoculated. Inoculation of biofertilizer enhanced plankton production, net primary productivity and fish biomass. However, highest values in most of these parameters were noticed only in ponds that were treated with the higher doses of inorganic fertilizers (urea 192 kg and SSP 1500 kg ha–1 y–1). © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

西南地区普通小麦1BL/1RS易位系的DArT分子标记鉴定

为了准确了解小麦品系中1BL/1RS易位系的存在,利用7 000多个DArT分子标记(Diversityarrays technology,多样性微阵列技术)对87个普通小麦品系进行扫描,总共获得1 750个稳定的多样性的分子标记(P>80)。这些标记的多态性信息含量指数(PIC)的范围是0.03～0.5,平均值为0.35(P>80)。根据DArT标记的可整合性,利用1B染色体上的DArT数据进行主坐标分析(Principal-Coordinates Analysis,PCoA),可以把实验材料划分为两个群,并且确定一个群是由1BL/1RS易位系组成,另一个群由非1BL/1RS易位系组成。同时,利用非加权组平均法(Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means,UPGMA)进行聚类分析,调查了材料之间的遗传关系,结果显示,实验材料同样聚集为两个群,一个群由1BL/1RS易位系组成,包含两个亚群;另一个群由非易位系组成,包含六个亚群。研究证实,DArT标记不仅可以调查小麦全基因组的遗传多样性,而且利用它的可整合性能够准确鉴定研究材料中的1BL/1RS易位系。     

植保无人机昼夜作业的雾滴沉积特性及棉蚜防效对比

针对无人机在棉蚜防治过程中夜间作业雾滴沉积特性和防效未知、目标喷洒区域雾滴沉积规律不明确等问题,该研究采用P20植保无人机进行棉蚜防治试验,对比了无人机白天和夜间作业时棉花植株不同部位的雾滴沉积规律及棉蚜防效,以常规喷杆喷雾机和喷枪为对照。结果表明,无人机白天和夜间作业的雾滴沉积数量及覆盖率差异显著,相同作业参数下,夜间作业的雾滴沉积数量平均比白天多42.82%,覆盖率平均比白天增加51.04%;夜间作业的雾滴穿透性较好,棉花植株的中下层及叶片背面雾滴沉积数量均多于白天。夜间作业时,棉花植株中、下层的雾滴沉积数量平均占垂直方向上雾滴总数量的比例分别为34.79%和22.07%,白天平均占33.27%和21.89%,喷枪为29.50%和19.98%,喷杆喷雾机为43.30%和15.84%;无人机夜间作业的叶片背面雾滴沉积数量平均占正反面总雾滴沉积数量的19.80%,白天作业占14.18%,夜间比白天多39.63%,各层叶片背面的雾滴沉积数量表现为上层下层中层;总体上,无人机作业的叶片背面雾滴沉积数量比例不超过25%,喷枪及喷杆喷雾机作业的叶片背面雾滴数量少,分别占7.09%和0.20%;在棉花花铃期和蕾期作业时,为提高雾滴沉积数量和雾滴穿透性,建议将无人机作业参数设置为飞行高度1.5～2 m,飞行速度3～4 m/s,选用较大的喷洒量,因为只有无人机下压风场不削弱、雾滴不大量损失的前提下,旋翼风场才能有效促进雾滴穿透性。就雾滴沉积数量和棉蚜防效关系而言,药后第1天棉蚜减退率与叶片背面雾滴沉积数量呈正相关关系,因受天敌影响药后第10天二者关联性不高。试验表明,无人机夜间作业更有利于棉蚜防治,其防效显著优于白天作业和其他2种常规设备,且农药剂量减少20%对棉蚜防效无显著影响。该研究结果可为植保无人机作业参数的合理设置提供参考,为棉蚜有效防控提供科学依据。     

Mineral Composition and Soil-Plant Relationships for Common Guava (Psidium guajava L.) and Yellow Strawberry Guava (Psidium cattleianum var. lucidum) Tree Parts and Fruits

The mineral compositions of the fruit and tree parts of common guava, Psidium guajava L., and strawberry guava, Psidium cattleianum var. lucidum, were determined. The study occurred during three seasons at six locations in Hawaii to assess guava as feed for livestock. Guava bark contained the greatest concentrations of calcium (Ca) and ash; leaves the greatest concentrations of magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), boron (B), and manganese (Mn); and the shoots had the greatest concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). The leaves and the shoots had the greatest concentrations of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe). Between guava and waiwi, guava had greater concentrations of most minerals except for Na in all plant parts, and Mg and ash in the leaves. Guava leaves and shoots meet the macromineral requirements for various phases of sheep, goat, and beef cattle life cycles with the exception of P and Na. Guava shoots do not meet Mn requirements for lactating cows.     

基于阅读资源多元化的读者阅读需求分析

电子技术的发展，数字图书的出现，形成了阅读资源多元化发展的新趋势，使传统阅读资源受到强烈冲击和影响。虽然阅读的栽体在不断变化，但不变的是读者的需求，只要是有价值的资源，就是读者愿意接受的阅读资源。在相当长的时间内，传统阅读和数字阅读资源会优势互补、各显特色，共生共存。     

浅谈科技论文写作之常见问题及对策

针对目前科技论文写作中存在的摘要、关键词、引言、正文、结论、参考文献等不规范的问题进行简要描述,提出相应对策,并对盲目投稿问题提出自己的观点。以期对学术期刊的文章作者提供参考和帮助。     

15种杀虫杀螨剂对皮氏叶螨的毒力测定

采用玻片浸渍法，对15种杀虫杀螨剂对香蕉皮氏叶螨的室内毒力进行了测定。结果表明：供试药剂中以阿维菌素对皮氏叶螨的雌成螨的毒力为最高，LC50为0.005 5 mg/L，其次为鱼藤酮，LC50为0.017 3 mg/L，毒力最低的为吡虫啉，LC50为113.101 4 mg/L；15种供试药剂对皮氏叶螨的毒力大小顺序依次为：阿维菌素＞鱼藤酮＞唑螨酯＞哒螨灵＞毒死蜱＞辛硫磷＞高氯苯＞联苯菊酯＞功夫＞螺螨酯＞甲氰菊酯＞丙溴磷＞敌敌畏＞炔螨特＞吡虫啉。