Bibliography: Farmer knowledge and management of crop disease

Nearly all contemporary people subsist on cultivated plants, most of which are vulnerable to diseases. Yet, there have been few studies of what traditional people know – and do not know – about crop disease. Agricultural scientists in general are becoming aware of the potential contribution of social scientists and farmers in developing integrated management of crop diseases. The International Potato Center (CIP) has focused on stimulating farmer-scientist collaboration in developing management of late blight, a major fungal disease of potatoes and other plants. Understanding farmers' knowledge of this and other plant diseases is an important element in furthering such collaboration. Although not all agricultural scientists recognize the value of social science, this literature search shows that some agricultural scientists now actively collaborate with farmers, in ways that cross the boundary into social science research. During this search, much of the work we found was written by plant pathologists and entomologists. We found over fifty publications on farmer knowledge of crop disease, and we have annotated the material that we thought most relevant to farmer- scientist collaboration for research of crop diseases, especially late blight.     

我国辣椒病毒病发生情况及发展趋势——基于2018年和2019年辣椒主产区的调查

为明确我国辣椒病毒病的种类和发展趋势，2018 年和2019 年在我国16 个省（市、自治区）辣椒主产区采集具有病毒病疑似症状的样品105 份，利用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附反应（DAS-ELISA）对12 种辣椒主要病毒进行检测。结果表明，有70 份样品为病毒病感染样品，病毒检出率为66.67%。检出病毒种类共10 种，其中辣椒轻斑驳病毒（Pepper mild mottle virus，PMMoV）检出率最高，为24.76%，其次为黄瓜花叶病毒（Cucumber mosaic virus，CMV）、蚕豆萎蔫病毒（Broad bean wilt virus，BBWV）、烟草蚀纹病毒（Tobacco etch virus，TEV）和番茄斑萎病毒（Tomato spotted wilt virus，TSWV），检出率分别为19.05%、12.38%、12.38% 和10.48%。我国辣椒主产区多种病毒复合侵染发生较为普遍，病毒复合侵染率为40%，其中以2 种病毒复合侵染比例最高，为28.57%。通过对两年辣椒病毒病检测结果进行比较，12 种病毒中有7 种检出率有上升趋势。总体而言，PMMoV 和CMV 为近两年危害我国辣椒生产较为严重的病毒病；此外，PMMoV、BBWV_-1，2、TEV、TSWV 具有流行风险，需要严加防范。     

Effects of dietary levels of essential oil extracts from Moringa oleifera and Artemisia afra on kidney histology,haemato‐immunological parameters and disease resistance in Clarias gariepinus

This experiment investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with essential oils from Artemisia afra and Moringa oleifera on haemato‐immunological parameters and resistance in Clarias gariepinus (African Sharptooth catfish) (Burchell, 1822) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The experiment lasted for 45 days. Prior to and postchallenge, white blood cells significantly increased (p < .05) from the 3% to 12% M. oleifera and A. afra supplementation. Pre‐challenge, no significant differences (p > .05) in red blood cells, haemoglobin and haematocrit were observed between the control and M. oleifera supplementation, while in the A. afra supplementation, RBC and HCT significantly increased from the 6% to 12%. Postchallenge, RBC, HGB and HCT were significantly lower (p < .05) in the control and the 3% and 6% M. oleifera and A. afra supplementation. Both pre‐ and postchallenge, nitro‐blue tetrazolium levels significantly increased (p < .05) from the 3% to 12% M. oleifera supplementation while no significant differences (p > .05) were observed in lysozyme activity between the control and treatment groups. In A. afra, NBT and lysozyme activities increased significantly (p < .05) from the 6% to 12% supplementation pre‐ and postchallenge. Survival rate increased from the 3% to 12% in M. oleifera and A. afra supplementation groups. Significant kidney histological alterations were noted in the control and the 3% and 6% supplementation of both plants postchallenge, while no major histological changes were observed between treatment groups and the control pre‐challenge. The results demonstrate that EO from M. oleifera and A. afra can improve immunity and enhance survival in C. gariepinus.     

Utilization of a by-product from the Jatropha biodiesel industry as a fish meal replacer in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. diets

Detoxified Jatropha kernel meal (DJKM) was created through heat and solvent extraction and replaced fish meal (FM) at 0% (C_ontrol), 50% (J₅₀), or 62.5% (J_62.5) in common carp Cyprinus carpio fingerling (initial mean weight ± SD; 22 ± 0.12 g) diets over 16 weeks. Growth performance and feeding efficiencies were similar (P > 0.05) among groups, but nutrient digestibilities and digestive enzyme activities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in C_ontrol than others. The slightly lower growth and significantly lower nutrient digestibility in carp fed DJKM indicates a need to improve the nutritive value of DJKM as a promising and sustainable FM alternative.     

云南进境百合种球病虫害调查研究

2003~2005年对云南省进境百合种球上的病虫害进行了抽样调查,共检测出真菌病害4种、线虫病害4种、细菌病害2种、病毒病害2种及害螨1种,并提出了相应的防治措施。     

黄秋葵病虫害综合防治技术

目前黄秋葵在我国的种植范围越来越广,种植面积也越来越大。随着我国对外贸易的发展,黄秋葵的出口量不断增加。作为出口创汇蔬菜,如何加强黄秋葵的病虫害防治、确保优质高产,显得尤为重要。文章简要介绍了黄秋葵的营养价值和功效,分析了病毒病、疫病、炭疽病等病害和棉大卷叶螟、亚洲玉米螟等虫害的发生规律和综合防治方法。     

水稻主要病害生物防治

为了加强对水稻病害生物防治的研究,本文归纳了水稻几种主要病害的生物防治现状,分析了生物防治未来的研究方向,以及植物先天免疫和寄主诱导抗病性在生物防治中的应用。笔者认为应重视微生物制剂与微生物群落的相互作用,加强植物源生防制剂的研究,同时开展基于水稻品种抗性、生物防治、栽培控害和科学用药等技术集成研究。     

西农979中长穗偃麦草（Thinopyrum ponticum）的遗传成分分析

西农979是我国黄淮麦区优质高产、早熟耐寒兼抗赤霉病的小麦新品种。十倍体长穗偃麦草（Thinopyrum ponticum）7E染色体携带有抗赤霉病和抗叶锈病等多种抗性基因。为明确西农979品种的遗传基础,以西农979及其主要供体亲本小偃6号、早优504、陕229、陕213和西农881为材料进行系谱分析,结果表明,西农979及其主要供体亲本陕229、陕213、西农881均为小偃6号的衍生系;小偃6号是十倍体长穗偃麦草的衍生系。在此基础上,利用十倍体长穗偃麦草7E染色体上106个特异分子标记进行分析,发现有6个标记在西农979和小偃6号中扩增出了十倍体长穗偃麦草的特异片段,西农979和小偃6号均携带有十倍体长穗偃麦草7E染色体短臂上分子标记Xwmc653-Xwmc809之间的75.10~77.46cM区段,标记Xcfd31-Xgwm350之间的86.16~87.32cM区段,以及7E染色体长臂标记Xmag1932-Xdauk144之间的147.71~149.51cM区段。结果表明,西农979携带的十倍体长穗偃麦草7E染色体上的遗传物质源自小偃6号,这为进一步研究和利用西农979提供了理论参考。     

普通菜豆根系相关性状的关联分析

幼苗期根系发育对作物的生长发育具有重要作用。利用生长袋纸培系统对324份普通菜豆种质的主根长、根干重、根体积、根表面积等9个根系相关性状进行表型鉴定,并结合覆盖全基因组、有多态性的116对SSR标记,利用MLM（Q+K）模型进行表型和标记的关联分析。表型分析表明,324份材料的9个根系相关性状表型变异丰富,平均变异系数的变动范围是10.09%~37.03%;基因型分析表明,116个多态性SSR标记共检测到919个等位变异位点,每个标记的平均基因多样性指数为0.59,多态性信息含量（PIC）平均值为0.54,显示这些标记具有较高的基因多样性;群体结构分析表明,供试材料分为两个亚群,与普通菜豆起源于两个基因库对应;关联分析结果显示,以P<0.01作为显著条件,共检测到48个显著标记位点,其中有10个位点同时与2个以上性状相关联,有5个位点与前人研究结果一致。研究结果为进一步理解普通菜豆根系的遗传机理提供了理论参考,也为分子标记辅助选择改良普通菜豆根系奠定了基础。