长江天鹅洲故道鲢、鳙、草鱼和青鱼种群特征与数量变动的初步研究

本文报道兴建中的长江天鹅洲“四大家鱼”天然种质资源库中鲢、鳙、草鱼与青鱼的生长，死亡特性和资源数量变动规律。对这4种鱼生长参数值的比较分析表明，天鹅洲故道鲢、鳙、草鱼、青鱼基本维持了长江天然群体的优良生长特性，1991年度，故道渔获量为71.8万公斤，其中“四大家鱼”产量8，8万公斤，鲢、鳙、草鱼、青鱼的死亡率分别为0.66、0.77，0.86、0.86，。四大家鱼”的年资源补充量为16.7万尾，平均资源重量为7.28万公斤，目前该故道渔业所存在的主要问题是过度捕捞，为了发挥种质资源库的预期效应，建议将。四大家鱼。的开捕年龄定为3龄，严禁捕捞其当年幼鱼，捕捞强度控制在0.3～0.5间，以期故道鲢、鳙、草鱼、青鱼的持续产量保持在30万公斤左右，     

海藻糖对冻藏过程中鳙肌原纤维蛋白冷冻变性的影响

从鳙（Aristicktkys nobilis）肌肉中提取肌原纤维蛋白，在蛋白溶液中加入10％（W／V）蔗糖、山梨醇混合物（质量比1：1）或10％（W／V）海藻糖。蛋白溶液在-18℃下冻藏30d，测定冻藏过程中肌原纤维蛋白盐溶性、Ca^2＋-ATPase活性、活性巯基含量、总巯基含量、表面疏水性变化和冻藏结束时的SDS-PAGE。测定结果表明，蔗糖、山梨醇混合物和海藻糖都抑制了冻藏过程中肌原纤维蛋白盐溶性、Ca^2＋-ATPase活性、巯基含量的降低和表面疏水性的升高，延缓了鳙肌原纤维蛋白的冷冻变性。海藻糖比蔗糖、山梨醇混合物有更好的抗冷冻变性效果。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：637—641]     

豚草对花生产量性状的影响及其经济阈值

为明确豚草( Ambrosia artemisiifolia )对花生生长和产量的影响及其经济阈值,采用添加系列试验和拟合函数关系模型的方法,研究了豚草与花生的竞争关系。结果表明,在豚草竞争干扰下,花生单株分枝数、荚果数、有效荚果数及产量均随豚草密度的增加而逐渐降低,而株高没有显著变化。指数模型能较好地拟合豚草对花生分枝数（y=7.307e-0.003x,P<0.001）的影响;对数函数模型能较好地拟合豚草密度与花生单株荚果数(y= -2.355lnx +16.325,P<0.001)、有效荚果数（y= -38.104㏑x+248.022,P<0.001）、花生产量（y= -1 172.945lnx+6 765.501,P<0.001）以及产量损失（y = 17.825lnx-2.866,P<0.001）间的关系。花生田豚草人工拔除的经济阈值为1.42株/m2,使用50%乙草胺乳油防除的经济阈值为1.22株/m2。     

四氯乙烯和镉联合胁迫对草鱼SOD和POD活性影响

为了考察超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)是否可以作为四氯乙烯(PCE)和镉(Cd2+)联合污染生物指标,采用静水生物测试法,研究了PCE和Cd2+联合胁迫对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肝胰脏、肾脏和鳃组织SOD以及肝胰脏、肾脏POD的影响。结果表明:(1)PCE和Cd2+复合污染胁迫时,草鱼肝胰脏SOD随着时间变化呈现"降低-升高-降低"的变化趋势,且最高浓度组始终低于对照;(2)肾脏SOD在所有暴露浓度组随着时间变化呈现"降低-升高-降低"的变化趋势,除最低浓度组在120 h显著高于对照外,其他均显著低于对照;(3)鳃组织SOD也呈现"降低-升高-降低"的变化趋势,但始终低于对照;(4)高浓度组(1/4TU和1/2TU)草鱼肝胰脏和肾脏POD活性随着暴露时间变化呈"降低-升高-降低"的变化趋势,但肝胰脏和肾脏的POD活性始终显著低于对照(P0.05);(5)草鱼鳃组织SOD活性明显低于肝胰脏和肾脏。PCE和Cd2+分别破坏了酶的蛋白结构和诱导了鱼体细胞膜的脂质过氧化,二者联合污染比单一污染加剧了草鱼的毒性效应。     

Characterization of acetylcholinesterase and its molecular forms in organs of five freshwater teleosts

The activity and molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) were characterized in the brain, heart, white skeletal muscle and liver of the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri), European eel (Anguilla anguilla), wels (Silurus glanis), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), belonging in four families. The brain had the highest (between 183.2±10.6 and 1361.2±189.7 mU mg^-1 protein and between 4.7±0.4 and 23.5±2.7 U g^-1 wet tissue) and the liver the lowest (between 25.3±1.9 and 126.5±22.7 mU mg^-1 protein and between 1.0±0.1 and 4.5±0.5 U g^-1 wet tissue) activity in all these fish, with the exception of the wels, where the heart contained the smallest amount of AChE (26.2±7.5 mU mg^-1 protein and 1.2±0.3 U g^-1 wet tissue). The highest tissue AChE activity was found in the carp and lowest in the sturgeon. The solubility properties and molecular forms of AChE in the four tissues were studied by extraction in high-salt medium (1.0 M NaCl) with and without the detergent Triton X-100 (0.5%, v/v). The proportions of detergent-soluble (DS) and salt-soluble (SS) forms of AChE varied considerably from one species to another, but a general tendency could be observed: the proportion of DS AChE was generally higher in the brain (between 70.4±4.1 and 82.5±1.2%) and lower in the heart (between 12.0±2.0 and 51.3±2.3%) and skeletal muscle (between 16.0±2.0 and 64.4±0.7%). Velocity sedimentation centrifugation revealed that most tissues contained the G₄ or A₄ form. Three tissues (brain, heart, and liver) of the Siberian sturgeon contained a relatively high proportion of the G1 form (between 24.3±2.4 and 28.6±4.9%), while the skeletal muscle of the wels contained only the most complex type of AChE, i.e., A₁₂. Amongst the tissues studied, the brain and liver mostly contained amphiphilic globular forms of the G₄ type, while the heart and skeletal muscle were rich in asymmetric forms (A₄ and A₁₂). It was concluded that the differences revealed in the activities of AChE and in the distribution of its molecular forms may be connected with the variation in behavioral habits (feeding and swimming patterns), and the developmental stage of the nervous system.     

Growth testing of two breeds of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (Hungarian mirror and Třeboň scaly carp), in ponds with low and high stocking density

The growth of two breeds of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., was tested in ponds under the climatic conditions of South Bohemia. T?eboň scaly carp (TR) and Hungarian mirror carp (M2) were kept in both low and high stocking densities during the second growing season and then stocked together for communal testing during the third growing season. Before the communal testing, the mean initial weights of fish from low‐ and high‐density stocks differed significantly (374.1 vs. 227.7 g for the TR breed and 766.7 vs. 317.3 g for the M2 breed respectively, P<0.01). After communal testing, mean weights of fish from low‐ and high‐density stocks gained 761.8 vs. 543.8 g for the TR breed and 1339.7 vs. 706.7 g for the M2 breed respectively. These observed weights were also significantly different (P<0.01). However, the test of corrected weight gain, i.e. gain not related to the initial weight of fish, revealed insignificant differences (P>0.01) between the weight gains after correction, i.e. the effect of different initial weights was successfully eliminated. These results seem to confirm the applicability of this method for the assessment of growth of purebred common carp under the climatic conditions of Central European fish farms.     

The influence of feeding history on the acute stress response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The effect of an 80-day maintenance-feeding period on the acute stress response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, to net confinement was determined. Fish were raised on an optimal feeding level of 20 g food/kg of metabolic fish weight per day (g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹) until 124 days post-hatch (dph). Feeding in group one (L>H) was then reduced to maintenance levels, i.e. 5 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹ until 204 dph, when the feeding was again increased to 20 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹. In group two (H>L), the feeding level was reduced from 20 to 5 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹ on day 146. All fish were sampled at 226 dph. Food ration had significant effects on the growth rate and food conversion values with fish fed the high ration performing better than those on a lower level. Prior to the application of the stressor, only plasma levels of triglycerides were lower in fish fed a low food ration (H>L). Feeding history influenced the onset of the stress response with stressor-induced elevations of plasma cortisol, glucose and free fatty acids being higher in fish fed a high ration compared with those fed a low ration prior to sampling. These results suggest that feeding history through modification of the energy reserves can influence the onset of the acute stress response.     

NaCl盐度和NaHCO3碱度对鲤、鲫和大鳞鲃的精子活力及其受精率的影响

研究了不同NaCl盐度(0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12)和NaHCO₃碱度(0 mmol/L、10.00 mmol/L、15.85 mmol/L、25.12 mmol/L、39.81 mmol/L、63.10 mmol/L)对松浦镜鲤(Cynipus carpio)、方正鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)和大鳞鲃(Barbus capito)精子活力及其受精率的影响。结果表明: 1) 在盐度为4时, 方正鲫和大鳞鲃精子的激烈运动时间、快速运动时间和寿命最长, 方正鲫分别为(90.11±9.03) s、(126.34±13.90) s和(154.27±11.36) s; 大鳞鲃分别为(48.91±1.43) s、(62.19±4.28) s和(90.68±4.46) s。在盐度为5时松浦镜鲤精子的激烈运动时间、快速运动时间和寿命最长, 分别为(72.44±9.42) s、(102.16±8.82) s和(206.99±6.65) s。2) 当盐度达到8以上时, 3种鱼的精子激活将受到抑制; 盐度大于10时, 方正鲫和大鳞鲃精子死亡; 盐度大于11时, 松浦镜鲤精子死亡。3) 在碱度为15.83 mmol/L时, 3种鱼的精子激烈运动时间、快速运动时间和寿命均最长, 且显著高于其他碱度条件下的精子活力(P<0.05)。4) 在盐度为1时, 方正鲫和大鳞鲃受精率达到最高分别为63.0%和68.0%, 在盐度为3时, 松浦镜鲤受精率达到最高为72.3%, 当盐度大于3时, 受精率开始呈明显下降趋势。碱度为10.00 mmol/L时, 3种鱼的受精率均最高, 分别为75.4%、54.0%和66.0%。本实验旨在通过测定不同NaCl盐度、NaHCO₃碱度条件下3种鱼类精子的活力和受精率所受的影响, 为北方地区碳酸型盐碱水域的渔业开发利用提供基础资料。 

     

Effects of graded levels of dietary myo‐inositol on non‐specific immune and specific immune parameters in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of myo‐inositol (MI) on non‐specific immune and specific immune defence in fish. A total of 1050 Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) (22.28±0.07 g) were randomly distributed into seven groups, of three replicates each, of feeding diets containing graded levels of MI (163.5, 232.7, 384.2, 535.8, 687.3, 838.8 and 990.3 mg MI kg^?1 diet). After a 60‐day growth trial, an infectious trial was conducted by injection of Aeromonas hydrophila for 17 days. Results showed that the red blood cell (RBC) and the white blood cell count were significantly increased with increasing MI levels up to 535.8 mg kg^?1 diet (P<0.05). The spleen index showed a tendency similar to RBC, whereas the head kidney index showed the inverse pattern (P<0.05). The phagocytic activity of leucocytes, haemagglutination titre, lysozyme activity, anti‐A. hydrophila antibody titre and immunoglobulin M, after being injected with A. hydrophila, were all improved with an increase in the MI levels up to 232.7–687.3 mg kg^?1 diet respectively (P<0.05). Myo‐inositol did not influence serum acid phosphatase activity and total iron‐binding capacity (P>0.05). These results suggested that MI could enhance non‐specific immune and specific immune responses in fish.