Application of Azotobacter enhances pond productivity and fish biomass in still water ponds

Two strains (derepressed-nitrogen fixing, Mac-27 and phosphate solubilizing, PS-21) of Azotobacter chroococcum were inoculated in fish culture ponds, singly and in combination with inorganic fertilizers (urea, single superphosphate–SSP). Physico-chemical parameters of pond waters, plankton production and fish biomass were studied. Inoculation of A. chroococcum (Mac-27) enhanced nitrogenase activity and rate of nitrogen fixation. A slight reduction in nitrogen fixation and nitrogenase activity was noticed when urea at 96 kg ha–1 y–1 was mixed with the biofertilizer (Mac-27). Inoculation of PS-21 enhanced phosphate solubilization, but Kjeldahl-nitrogen concentration values remained low in comparison with controls. On the other hand, inoculation of Azotobacter (either strain) enhanced the accumulation of ammonium-N, nitrite-N and nitrate-N. A significant (p < 0.05) reduction in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration also took place when Azotobacter (both Mac-27 and PS-21) was inoculated in fish ponds. However, when used along with inorganic fertilizers, the reduction was not significant. The pH values were only slightly lowered when the phosphate-solubilizing strain (PS-21) of Azotobacter was inoculated. Inoculation of biofertilizer enhanced plankton production, net primary productivity and fish biomass. However, highest values in most of these parameters were noticed only in ponds that were treated with the higher doses of inorganic fertilizers (urea 192 kg and SSP 1500 kg ha–1 y–1). © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Reforming the European Common Fisheries Policy: a case for capacity and effort controls

I summarize the total allowable catch (TAC) fishery management system, which forms part of the European Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) as complicated, inaccurate and ineffective. Total allowable effort (TAE), i.e. limits on fishing capacity and days‐at‐sea, provides a simpler, readily enforceable control to protect all species affected by a fishery. Fishing capacity of vessels in each region‐gear fleet could be capped through limits on engine power, gear, crew, and fittings, and/or reducing allowances of days‐at‐sea for large, powerful vessels. Two basic, fishery‐dependent indicators are put forward to assess sustainability of a fishery dependably even in the absence of fishery‐independent data. One is socio‐economic, the other is ecological. Fishery working groups within each marine region would recommend a TAE to sustain their fishery while also protecting the most critically affected species or processes. Regional working groups would supervise a consistent approach across the different fisheries in their region. A pan‐European group would set policy, implement external agreements, set rules for trading TAE if necessary and harmonize fishing opportunities across regions. To ease negotiations on TAEs with the fishing industry when an ecosystem needs to recover, I propose compensation payments funded by re‐direction of existing CFP subsidies that promote fishing.     

Effects of dietary medium-chain triacylglycerols (tricaprylin and tricaproin) and phospholipid supply on survival, growth and lipid metabolism in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae

The present study investigated the interaction of dietary medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) and phospholipids (PL) on survival, growth and lipid metabolism in common carp larvae. Nine diets based on casein and dextrin and with a variable lipid part were tested in triplicate for 22 days post first feeding. The 3×3 design consisted of three triacylglycerols (3% of diet) combined with three different lipid supplements. Tested triacylglycerols were triolein (TOL), tricaprylin (TC8) and tricaproin (TC6), and lipid supplements were 2% soybean oil (low-fat diets without PL), 2% soybean lecithin (low-fat diets with 2% PL) or both 2% soybean lecithin and 6% TOL (high-fat diets with 2% PL).

In the first step, both TC6 and TC8 resulted in improved survival and growth rates compared to TOL, irrespective of the PL supply. In the second step, TC8 decreased survival and growth rates, whereas the difference between TC6 and TOL became less. Histological signs of impaired intestinal absorption of neutral lipids were evidenced in larvae fed TOL without PL and also in high-fat diets with 2% PL. The latter diets also resulted in poorer growth rates compared to low-fat diets with 2% PL. These results suggest that the quantitative PL requirement of larvae increases as the dietary level of long-chain triacylglycerols increases. Larvae fed TC6 or TC8 showed enlarged liver and hepatocyte volume and a decreased level of body neutral lipids. Based on β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HBA) measurements in whole larvae, TC8 was found to be more ketogenic than TC6. TC6 and TC8 affected differently the fatty acid profile of larval body neutral lipids. TC6 did not induce the appearance of MCFA, whereas TC8 feeding resulted in a low level of 8:0 and relatively high levels of 10:0 (3.8% of total fatty acids). Neither 8:0 nor 10:0 were found in larval polar lipids.

This study confirmed the essentiality of PL in common carp larval diets and underlines differences in the utilization of TC6 and TC8, which both initially stimulate growth during the first week, but only temporarily in the case of TC8.     

再论超级麦育种

优质、高产、多抗是我国小麦育种的主要目标。为了高效利用资源和保护环境 ,应从提高肥水利用效率入手 ,培育超级麦品种 ,来实现少种多收、提高经济效益的目标。超级麦是肥水利用效率高、品质好、高产、抗逆性好的新一类生产品种的总称。培育超级麦品种需要革新现有育种技术 ,改良品种的代谢特性 ,提高对土壤、氮、磷、水分等资源的使用效率     

25份澳大利亚小麦种质的性状表现及利用

为给黄淮南片冬麦区小麦育种提供信息,对25份澳大利亚小麦种质于2016-2018年度在新乡进行了部分农艺性状调查,对其品质性状及优质亚基等进行了分析。结果表明,25份澳大利亚小麦种质多表现为春性,综合农艺性状较差;千粒重低于黄淮麦区高产对照品种周麦18,变化范围为31.4 g～43.1 g;湿面筋含量、面筋指数、稳定时间、弱化度的变化范围分别为28.0%～39.1%、55.2%～96.5%、4.0 min～25.0 min、5%～100%。从澳大利亚小麦种质中,筛选出了具有湿面筋含量高、面筋指数高、稳定时间长、面粉粉色白等优良品质特性的材料,鉴定出了含5+10亚基、7+8~*亚基(7超量表达亚基)、17+18亚基、13+16亚基、低PPO活性基因及 Wx-B1基因缺失等优异品质材料,筛选出了含有 Rht-D1b矮秆基因以及 Lr34和 Lr46抗叶锈基因的材料。利用澳大利亚小麦种质为改良亲本,与黄淮麦区表现突出的小麦品种配制三交或四交组合,按常规系谱方法对优良性状进行定向选择,培育出了综合农艺性状表现好、品质表现突出的小麦新品系。     

施肥和密度对小麦产量及加工品质的影响

为了探讨提高产量和改善品质的合理栽培措施,试验采用不同氮肥和密度处理,研究其对产量和品质的影响,结果表明:基本苗为225万~450万/hm2时产量差异不显著,但均比150万/hm2基本苗处理显著提高了产量。施氮270 kg/hm2比135 kg/hm2显著提高了产量。不同基本苗处理对蛋白质含量和加工品质指标影响较小,但不同施氮量对各蛋白组分、总蛋白质含量及加工品质指标有显著影响,高氮处理比低氮处理显著提高了总蛋白质和各蛋白组分含量,并显著增加了沉淀值、湿面筋含量、干面筋含量、吸水率、形成时间和面包体积。结论认为:基本苗对产量影响较大,对品质影响较小,施氮处理对产量和品质均有重要影响,适当增施氮肥可以使籽粒产量、营养品质和加工品质同步提高。     

山西省近二十年审定小麦品种的农艺和品质性状变化

为研究近20年来山西省审定小麦品种的农艺性状和品质性状的演变情况,以1997－2018年山西省审定的175个小麦品种为研究对象,总结分析其农艺性状和品质指标的演化规律。结果表明,山西省近20年来审定品种产量水平呈显著上升趋势;株高呈下降趋势,但中部冬麦区水地审定品种株高过高,有倒伏风险;产量三因素中,穗粒数稳步提升,南部中熟冬麦区品种的穗粒数均高于中部晚熟冬麦区品种,千粒重变化不明显,但“十三五”时期审定的旱地品种千粒重下降明显,单位面积穗数呈显著上升趋势。山西省近年来审定品种品质性状没有显著变化,籽粒蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值和稳定时间均没有显著提高。山西省今后一段时间的育种目标仍然是品质与产量的协同提高,水地品种应在保证穗数和粒重的基础上加强穗粒数的选择,旱地品种应注重穗粒数和粒重的选择。     

抗条锈病小麦-滨麦Lm#3Ns二体异附加系的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

滨麦(Leymus mollis)是小麦的三级基因源,具有改良小麦所需的许多优良性状。为了将滨麦中的优异基因导入到普通小麦中,通过远缘杂交获得小麦-滨麦异附加系、异代换系、易位系,以选自普通小麦7182与滨麦衍生后代M42(2n=54)F_6代的株系M11005-1-2-7-10-1-1(M11005A)为供试材料,对其进行了形态学、细胞学、原位杂交、分子标记、抗病性等综合鉴定。细胞学观察结果显示,M11005A有44条染色体且配对良好,可以稳定遗传。原位杂交及分子标记结果表明,M11005A含有42条普通小麦染色体和1对来自滨麦Lm#3Ns的染色体,并且用Oligo-pTa535探针得到了Lm#3Ns的FISH核型;筛选出6个EST及8个PLUG特异分子标记可以用来鉴定Lm#3Ns染色体,其中只有1个EST和4个PLUG标记可以同时在M11005A中扩增出滨麦和华山新麦草的条带,说明滨麦的Lm#3Ns染色体与华山新麦草的3Ns基因组之间存在差异。M11005A的穗长、穗型、小穗数、千粒重与亲本7182无显著差异,但分蘖数较7182显著增加,株高显著降低。抗条锈病鉴定结果显示,苗期M11005A对条锈菌生理小种CYR29和CYR34表现高抗,对CYR32表现高感,成株期对CYR32和CYR33混合小种表现高抗,推测滨麦的Lm#3Ns染色体携带对CYR29和CYR34小种的抗性基因,又携带了成株期对CYR32和CYR33的抗性基因。因此,M11005A可以作为抗源应用于小麦的条锈病抗性改良中。     

利用KASP标记定位小麦群体中的无芒位点Awn-4A.1

芒是小麦穗部重要的光合器官之一,是小麦长期进化和适应环境的产物,对小麦产量和逆境适应具有重要影响。为了探究芒的发育及芒长的遗传机制,本研究利用小麦无芒品种中国春（Chinese Spring,CS）和有芒品系MK147构建的F₂分离群体与F₅代重组自交系（RIL）群体为材料,对无芒位点进行了标记和定位。遗传分析表明,群体中的无芒性状受半显性单基因控制;采用Wheat660K SNP芯片结合集群分离分析法（bulked segregate analysis,BSA）在F₂群体构建的无芒、有芒混池中检测到一个多态性SNP标记的富集区,初步将QTL定位于4A染色体上。在该QTL区间开发了58个KASP标记,并将定位区间缩小至KASP标记SNP-1537与SNP-4195之间,遗传距离为0.81 cM,对应中国春参考基因组（IWGSC.Ref.V1.0）4A染色体上9.23 Mb （100.56～109.79 Mb）的区间,将该位点命名为 Awn-4A.1。     

驻马店主要土类玉米小麦一体化施用钾肥效应研究

[目的]研究驻马店主要土类玉米小麦钾肥合理用量。[方法]根据植物营养学原理,设计5个处理,研究驻马店砂姜黑土区和潮土区玉米小麦周年轮作制下施钾效应及土壤钾素的变化。[结果]在土壤速效钾含量中等的砂姜黑土和潮土上玉米、小麦施用钾肥增产效果显著;潮土点钾肥用量增加,玉米小麦产量和产值也逐渐增加;砂姜黑土点玉米季施钾效应和潮土点相同,小麦季NPK150处理（P2O575 kg/hm2,K2O 150.0 kg/hm2）产量和产值最高。潮土点、砂姜黑土点钾肥用量的增加钾素的盈余也呈增加趋势。潮土区玉米小麦轮作年钾肥推荐量（K2O）为300 kg/hm2,玉米小麦两季钾肥推荐分配比为1∶1;砂姜黑土区年推荐施钾量（K2O）为262.5 kg/hm2,玉米小麦两季钾肥推荐分配比为1∶0.75。[结论]研究结果为驻马店市农业生产提供了参考。