Analysis of Project Audit''s Function and Civil Action

Audit takes a unique status and has obvious function in financial surveillance system.The Audit is used to superintend the factuality,validity and virtue of fiscal and financial income and expenses.In the renewed China Audit law the functions and status of official audit have been intensified,and the qualification and status of Audit department as executing office is confirmed.This paper analyzed the official construction project audit's function and legal status.     

Performance of upland coloured cotton germplasm lines in line × tester crosses

Anthracnose is a serious disease affecting dry bean production especially in the cool highland areas worldwide. The objective of this research was to study the inheritance of anthracnose resistance in market-class dry beans. A complete diallel set of crosses was generated from nine diverse parents comprising six resistant and three susceptible to anthracnose. The F₁ and F₂ crosses and parents were artificially inoculated with Colletotriclum lindenumthianum Race-767 in a growth room. There was significant variation for anthracnose resistance among genotypes. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability effects were significant for resistance, indicating importance of both additive and non-additive effects, respectively. Preponderance of GCA effects (66%) suggested that additive effects were more important than non-additive effects (24%), which were also reflected by high heritability estimates (70%), and suggested that simple selection or backcrossing would be useful for improving the resistance in market class varieties. The study was not conclusive on whether epistatic gene action played a major role, but if available it might have biased the dominance gene effects. Reciprocal effects (10%) were not significant (P > 0.05), suggesting that cytoplasmic genes did not play a major role in modifying anthracnose resistance. Parental lines G2333, AB136, NAT002, and NAT003 showed highly negative GCA effects qualifying them as suitable parents for transferring resistance genes to their progenies. A few major genes, 1–3, displaying partial dominance conditioned anthracnose resistance, suggesting a possibility of using marker-assisted selection to improve anthracnose resistance in market-class dry beans.     

三种中药提取物对桃褐腐菌（Monilinia fructicola）的抑菌作用

为筛选出对桃褐腐病菌具有抑制作用的中草药抑菌活性物质,采用三次浸渍提取法对中草药进行提取,通过菌丝生长速率法、单位面积产孢量计算法和凹玻片悬低法进行抑菌活性测定,再经过光学显微镜观察抑菌活性物质对桃褐腐菌的形态、结构的破坏作用,得出结果：黄芩、甘草和威灵仙的4种溶剂提取物对桃褐腐病菌（M. fructicola）均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中黄芩丙酮提取物和黄芩80％乙醇提取物的抑制作用较强,抑菌率达到80％以上,对菌丝细胞有明显的破坏作用,且能够抑制分生孢子的产生与萌发;同时对供试的16种植物病原真菌也有不同程度的抑制效果,抑菌谱较广。说明黄芩丙酮和黄芩80%的乙醇提取液中均含有抗菌成分。     

行动导向教学法在PLC教学中的初探

行动导向教学法不是指某一具体的教学方法,而是由一系列教学方法和技术组成的。在PLC教学中运用了任务驱动教学的教学方法,充分调动了学生的积极性,激发了学生的学习兴趣,培养学生自主探究、分析问题、解决问题的能力,将理论知识运用于实践的能力以及合作能力。     

From on-farm solid-set sprinkler irrigation design to collective irrigation network design in windy areas

In this paper, a contribution to the design of collective pressurised irrigation networks in solid-set sprinkler-irrigated windy areas is presented. The methodology is based on guaranteeing minimum on-farm performance, using a historical hourly wind speed database and a ballistic solid-set irrigation simulation model. The proposed method was applied to the Montesnegros Irrigation District (central Ebro basin, Spain). The district irrigates an area of 3493 ha using an on-demand schedule. The average wind speed in the area is 2.8 m s⁻¹. An analysis of district water records showed that farmers often reduce water demand when the wind speed is high, but their irrigation decision making is limited by the capacity of the irrigation network and by the unpredictable character of local winds. Simulations were performed for 11 irrigation seasons, 2 triangular sprinkler spacings (18 m × 18 m and 18 m × 15 m), and 2 sprinkler models. The percentage of monthly suitable time for irrigation was determined for four management strategies. The first one was based on a wind speed threshold (3 m s⁻¹), while the other three were based on three levels (standard, relaxed and restrictive) of two irrigation performance parameters: the Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CU) and the Wind Drift and Evaporation Losses (WDEL). The standard strategy classified the time as suitable for irrigation when CU ≥ 84% and WDEL ≤ 20%. The thresholds limits of the irrigation parameters for the relaxed strategy were CU ≥ 80% and WDEL ≤ 25%. Finally, the restrictive strategy used thresholds of CU ≥ 90% and WDEL ≤ 15%. The suitable time for the first strategy (56%) was always lower than for the standard and the relaxed strategies (with respective average values of 75 and 86%), and higher than for the restrictive strategy (30%). In order to design the collective network, the hydrant operating time was equalled to the suitable time for irrigation. The differences in the cost of the collective network plus the on-farm equipment were particularly relevant between the restrictive strategy and the other three. Differences in suitable operating time were clear between sprinkler spacings, and less evident between sprinkler models. The application of the proposed methodology may be limited by the availability of historical wind speed records and CU estimates for different combinations of sprinkler models, sprinkler spacings and wind speed.     

Empirical assessment of water management institutions in northern China

We examine the development of irrigation management in northern China using data from village and household panels. During the past decade, reform-oriented institutions, such as water user associations and contracting, have largely replaced the traditional institution of collective management in village-level irrigation systems. A feature unique to China is that water user associations and contractors are provided with monetary incentives to save water. Water user associations have not yet achieved the broad-based participation of farmers that some advocates consider as a primary goal for forming the associations. Many village leaders serve also as the leaders of water user associations, thus possibly reducing opportunities for receiving operational input and policy direction from farmers. However, we observe improved performance of irrigation systems managed by water user associations, relative to collective management, in terms of maintenance expenditures, the timeliness of water deliveries, and the rates of fee collection. Performance has improved also in systems managed by contractors, although not as substantially as in the case of water user associations.     

东北不同黑土厚度区多营力作用的坡面土壤侵蚀试验研究

量化东北黑土区多种外营力作用的坡面复合土壤侵蚀过程,将为坡面水保措施的精确布置提供重要科学依据。基于野外模拟试验,分析了东北典型薄层黑土区(宾县)、中层黑土区(海伦市)和厚层黑土区(克山县)多营力叠加作用的坡面水蚀特征。野外模拟降雨的试验处理包括仅水蚀的试验处理(I)、冻融+水力叠加作用的试验处理(Ⅱ)和冻融+风力+水力叠加作用的试验处理(Ⅲ)。结果表明:与仅有水蚀作用的试验处理相比,冻融作用使典型薄层、中层和厚层黑土厚度区的坡面径流深度分别减小29.4%,39.3%,32.1%;而其使坡面水蚀量分别增加16.3%,36.0%,26.3%;冻融和风力叠加作用使3个黑土厚度区的坡面径流深度分别减少3.6%,4.1%,10.8%,而其坡面水蚀量分别增加38.5%,102.1%,64.1%。试验条件下,从厚层黑土区到中层黑土区再到薄层黑土区,坡面径流深度和坡面侵蚀量均呈增加趋势。冻融作用和冻融+风力叠加作用对3个黑土厚度区坡面水蚀的影响程度从大到小依次皆为海伦黑土>克山黑土>宾县黑土。冻融作用使土壤硬度和土壤抗剪强度分别减小24.4%~36.7%和21.3%~23.9%,从而使土壤可蚀性增加,导致坡面水蚀量增加。地表在风力作用下形成了不同深度和不同大小的风蚀凹痕微形态,导致坡面径流集中和流速增加12.4%~19.1%,坡面径流侵蚀能力和搬运能力增加,从而使坡面水蚀量增加。     

碳酸铵对意大利青霉的作用机制及对不同柑橘果实品质的影响

为了寻求一种安全有效的方法防治由意大利青霉（Penicillium italicum）引起的柑橘青霉病,该研究分析了碳酸铵抑制意大利青霉生长的可能作用机制及对脐橙、皇帝柑、沃柑3种不同类型柑橘贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,碳酸铵能抑制意大利青霉孢子萌发和菌丝生长,且呈现剂量依赖效应,在质量浓度分别为0.4和0.8 g/L时可完全抑制孢子萌发和菌丝生长。结构观察表明,碳酸铵引起菌丝生长节点稀疏和分支减少;超微结构观察发现菌丝严重皱缩,菌丝线粒体结构异常。生理生化分析表明,碳酸铵处理引起线粒体的钠/钾离子ATP酶（Na+/ K+-ATPase）、钙离子ATP酶（Ca2+-ATPase）和镁离子ATP酶（Mg2+-ATPase）活性下降,导致还原型谷胱甘肽（Reduced Glutathione,GSH）含量及谷胱甘肽还原酶（Glutathione Reductase,GR）活性降低,活性氧清除体系超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）、过氧化物酶（Peroxidase,POD）活性紊乱,促进H2O2积累。添加活性氧清除剂半胱氨酸（Cysteine,Cys）能部分恢复碳酸铵处理的病菌孢子萌发。活体接种表明,16 g/L碳酸铵处理显著减小了柑橘果实接种意大利青霉的病斑直径（P<0.05）,减轻果实发病。碳酸铵处理能降低3种类型柑橘果实自然发病率,且对果实失重率、色泽、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、还原糖含量无不良影响。结果表明,碳酸铵通过损伤意大利青霉菌丝线粒体结构和功能,促进活性氧积累来发挥抗真菌活性,可以作为杀菌剂的绿色有效替代品,研究结果可为碳酸铵防治柑橘果实采后腐烂提供参考。     

基于隐马尔科夫模型的深度视频哺乳母猪高危动作识别

哺乳母猪的高危动作和仔猪存活率有密切关系,能直接体现其母性行为能力,而这些高危动作又与其姿态转换的频率、持续时间等密切相关。针对猪舍环境下,环境光线变化、母猪与仔猪黏连、猪体形变等给哺乳母猪姿态转换识别带来的困难。该文以梅花母猪为研究对象,以Kinect2.0采集的深度视频图像为数据源,提出基于Faster R-CNN和隐马尔科夫模型的哺乳母猪姿态转换识别算法,通过FasterR-CNN产生候选区域,并采用维特比算法构建定位管道;利用Otsu分割和形态学处理提取疑似转换片段中母猪躯干部、尾部和身体上下两侧的高度序列,由隐马尔科夫模型识别姿态转换。结果表明,对姿态转换片段识别的精度为93.67%、召回率为87.84%。研究结果可为全天候母猪行为自动识别提供技术参考。     

土壤脲酶抑制剂正丁基硫代磷酰三胺的作用基团研究

土壤脲酶抑制剂正丁基硫代磷酰三胺(nBPT)是抑制土壤中尿素水解的最有效的化合物之一。分析大连工业大学合成的土壤脲酶抑制剂nBPT抑制脲酶活性的影响因素及作用机理,结果表明:在50°C,pH=5.91时,nBPT的抑制活性达到最大值;在nBPT各结构基团中,正丁基(-NH(CH2)3CH3)、硫基(-S)对nBPT与脲酶的结合起辅助作用,胺基(-NH2)是nBPT与脲酶结合的关键基团,与脲酶活性部位巯基(-SH)结合。土壤脲酶抑制剂nBPT与脲酶的具体结合机理还有待继续研究。