用豆油代替鱼油对虹鳟生长、非特异性免疫和组织酶活性的影响

研究了用豆油代替鱼油对体重为（33．75±0．28）g虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss生长性能、免疫和组织酶活性的影响。试验共分4个处理,每个处理设3个重复,每个重复放80尾鱼,分别添加18％（质量分数,下同）鱼油（G1组）、6％鱼油＋12％豆油（G2组）、3％鱼油＋15％豆油（G3组）和18％豆油（G4组）。试验期间水温为12．5～16．5℃,溶解氧为7．8～10mg／L,每天饲喂2次,试验共进行8周。结果表明：豆油部分或全部代替鱼油对虹鳟试验末体重、体长、肥满度、特定生长率、饵料系数和日增重未产生显著影响（P〉0．05）,G2组试验末体重、特定生长率、日增重分别较对照组（G1组）提高7．99％、11．85％和13．89％,饵料系数下降12．82％。与G1组相比,G3组鱼血浆和肝脏中碱性磷酸酶活性显著提高（P〈0．05）,肝脏和肾脏中酸性磷酸酶的活性显著提高（P〈0．01）;G4组鱼肝脏中溶菌酶活性显著降低（P〈0．05）,G2、G3组也呈下降趋势,但差异不显著;各试验组鱼鳃中丙二醛活性显著（P〈0．05）或极显著降低（P〈0．05）;G3组鱼肝脏中过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著升高（P〈0．05）,12;3、G4组鱼肾脏中CAT也显著升高（P〈0．05）。可见,用豆油可以部分代替鱼油用于虹鳟生产,但用豆油完全代替鱼油会影响虹鳟鱼体的免疫力。试验表明,用添加质量分数为6％鱼油＋12％豆油的饲料饲养虹鳟时,虹鳟的生产性能最好。     

非肉食性鱼类饲料中用动植物蛋白源替代鱼粉的研究进展

鱼粉的全球性缺乏已成为制约水产增养殖业可持续发展的重要影响因素。作者综述了近年来在非肉食性鱼类日粮中用动植物蛋白源替代鱼粉方面的研究成果,对替代后造成的负面影响（生产性能下降,生理和免疫机能降低,肉质品质劣化等）进行了总结,并对其原因和对策进行了归纳、分析和探讨,旨在为非肉食性鱼类低鱼粉乃至无鱼粉日粮的开发提供思路和基础资料。     

淡水鱼体内汞含量的检测

[目的]检测鱼类体内的汞含量。[方法]采集锦州市农贸市场销售的10种淡水鱼,10种淡水鱼的样品均为4个。洗净,晾干,捣碎后,进行样品的消化处理,采用冷原子吸收光谱法,测定样品中汞含量。[结果]白鲢鱼、武昌鱼、鲶鱼、黑鱼、草鱼、鲤鱼、胖头鱼、罗非鱼、花鲢鱼、鲫鱼样品中汞含量平均值分别为0.219、0.1850、.206、0.163、0.148、0.2290、.230、0.173、0.1630、.187 mg/kg。[结论]10种淡水鱼的汞含量平均值为0.230 mg/kg,均符合食品中有害元素限量标准。     

应用氮稳定同位素技术研究辽东湾海域主要渔业生物的营养级

应用氮稳定同位素技术分析了2010年6月和8月辽东湾海域主要渔业生物的氮稳定同位素比值,研究了28种鱼类和26种无脊椎动物的营养位置。结果表明,辽东湾海域主要渔业生物的营养级处于2.98～4.84,集中在3.70～4.56;相比6月δ15N值的分析结果,8月有50%的鱼类δ15N值增加,孔鳐(Raja porosa)增幅最大,增加了1.06‰;9种鱼类δ15N值减少,鯒(Platycephalus indicus)减幅最大,减少了1.84‰,可见鱼类样品的δ15N值随季节的变化因种类而各异;8月有87.5%的无脊椎动物δ15N值减少,其中,减少幅度大于1‰的有6种,占37.5%,可见无脊椎动物的δ15N值随季节的变化较明显。通过对不同采样点同种生物δ15N值的比较发现,辽东湾近岸海域的10种无脊椎动物的δ15N值均高于远岸海域,差值范围为0.05‰～1.49‰,差异极显著(P<0.01),说明人类活动引起的陆源污水排放使近岸海洋生物的δ15N值升高。     

珠江中下游鲴亚科鱼苗发生规律与年际变化

为了解珠江鱼类补充群体发生规律及资源量状况, 2005-2011年在珠江中下游肇庆江段设置定点采样点, 通过定量弶网连续采集漂流性鱼苗样品, 对珠江中下游鲴亚科(Xenocyprininae)鱼苗补充群体进行了调查研究。结果表明: 珠江中下游鲴亚科鱼苗稳定出现在4~10月, 每年持续(183±12) d, 平均出现率为40.1%。在5~8月伴随洪水过程有多个漂流高峰期, 鲴类鱼苗密度与径流之间显著正相关(n=876, P<0.01)。2007年鲴类鱼苗密度显著高于2009年(P=0.012)和2011年(P=0.009), 而与其他各年之间不存在显著性差异。鲴类鱼苗密度峰值出现时, 白天平均密度高于早上和晚上, 采样期间内整体3个时间段之间不存在显著性差异。鲴类鱼苗资源量总体呈现减少的趋势, 长洲水利枢纽可能是最主要影响因素, 建议其通过保证鱼道正常运行和生态调度两种途径减小对珠江中下游鱼类资源的影响。

     

Toxicity of cultured bullseye puffer fish Sphoeroides annulatus

The toxin content in various life cycle stages of tank-cultivated bullseye puffer (Sphoeroides annulatus) were analyzed by mouse bioassay and ESI-MS spectrometry analysis. The presence of toxin content was determined in extracts of sperm, eggs, embryo, larvae, post-larvae, juvenile, pre-adult, and adult fish, as well as in food items used during the cultivation of the species. Our findings show that only the muscle of juveniles, the viscera of pre-adults, and muscle, liver, and gonad of adult specimens were slightly toxic (<1 mouse unit). Thus, cultivated S. annulatus, as occurs with other cultivated puffer fish species, does not represent a food safety risk to consumers. This is the first report of toxin analysis covering the complete life stages of a puffer fish under controlled conditions.     

Optimization of hydrolysis conditions for the production of angiotensin-I converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides and isolation of a novel peptide from lizard fish (Saurida elongata) muscle protein hydrolysate

Lizard fish (Saurida elongata) muscle protein was hydrolyzed using neutral protease to produce protein hydrolysate (LFPH), and the hydrolysis conditions were investigated using response-surface methodology. The optimum conditions for producing peptides with the highest angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity were the following: enzyme-to-substrate ratio of 10,000 U/g, temperature of 48 °C, pH 7.0, and hydrolysis time of 2 h. Under these conditions, the ACE-inhibitory activity of LFPH and the degree of hydrolysis were 84% and 24%, respectively. A novel ACE-inhibitory peptide was isolated from LFPH using ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-15, and high-performance liquid chromatography. The amino acid sequence of the ACE-inhibitory peptide was identified as Ser-Pro-Arg-Cys-Arg (SPRCR), and its IC₅₀ was 41 ± 1 µM.     

Acute Toxicity of Calotropis Procera Latex to Clarias gariepinus Juveniles

Acute toxicity of the latex of C. procera on Clarias gariepinus juveniles was measured over a period of 96-h as a management tool in killing predatory fish in earthen ponds in Nigeria. The latex concentrations of 0.0 mg/l, 10.0 mg/l, 22.0 mg/l, 45.0 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 220 mg/l and 1000 mg/l were used under laboratory conditions in plastic aquaria. The 96 h Lc₅₀ was 64.0 mg/l obtained using graphic and probit methods. The regression equation for the probit curve was y = 2.46x + 0.58 (where probit value = Y, X = log concentration per treatment). Behavioral changes observed during exposure of fish to toxicant include hyperactivity, erratic swimming, imbalance coupled with loss of co-ordination, inclination at the water-air interface, increased opercular beats, clustering and crawling and submergence coupled with paralysis (death). De-pigmentation of the skin increased with increase in latex concentration with a complete bleaching from black/dark brown to pure white occurred at 45.0 and 100.0 mg/l. Histological changes included congestion, haemorrhage, multiple foci of spongiosis of white matter, necrosis and cellular infiltration in the brain tissues. Liver exhibited degeneration, fatty change and infiltration, and generalized haemorrhage. Gill showed congestion of capillaries, keratinization, stunting, necrosis and cell infiltration. The heart-tissues were indifferent to treatments. Histological effects increased in intensity with increase in the concentration of C. procera latex.     

Effect of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) on Growth Performance,Feed Utilization,Whole-Body Composition,and Resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Nile Tilapia

Four isonitrogenous (30% crude protein) and isocaloric (4.40 kcal/g) experimental diets were formulated to contain 0.0% (control), 0.5%, 1.0%, or 1.5% cinnamon. The diet containing 1% cinnamon resulted in significantly greater (P < 0.05) specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER), apparent protein utilization (APU), and energy utilization (EU). In regard to body composition, there was no significant difference in dry matter, protein, lipids, and ash (P > 0.05) contents due to cinnamon supplementation. Blood plasma profile showed an improvement in hemoglobin (HB), red blood cell (RBCS), hematocrite (PCV), total protein, and total lipids, while there was a decrease in creatinin, urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and glucose in fish fed 1% cinnamon. Cinnamon was found to have an antibacterial activity antagonistic to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in fish. Performance and FCR improvement translated into a 10% decrease in feed costs associated with the 1% cinnamon diet.