基于VAR法的养殖鱼类资产风险价值评估——以环渤海地区大菱鲆养殖为例

农村中小企业贷款难的问题一直存在,造成这一状况的深层次原因就是抵押品的缺失。抵押品缺失的根本原因在于农产品的高风险性,且这类风险的评估存在技术难题,银行等金融机构倾向于规避此类不确定性风险。文章在此背景下,引入VAR法对农产品中的鱼类资产养殖风险价值进行评估,从养殖鱼类资产的风险特点以及VAR方法的适用性两方面,来说明VAR法在衡量鱼类资产养殖风险价值的可行性。并应用于2010年环渤海地区的大菱鲆养殖企业的养殖风险价值评估,检验VAR法的可操作性。通过量化风险,使借贷双方知悉风险情况,为解决渔业中小企业贷款难问题提供技术支撑。     

Detection and characterization of viruses of the genus Megalocytivirus in ornamental fish imported into an Australian border quarantine premises: an emerging risk to national biosecurity

This report documents an emerging trend of identification of Megalocytivirus-like inclusions in a range of ornamental fish species intercepted during quarantine detention at the Australian border. From September 2012 to February 2013, 5 species of fish that had suffered mortality levels in excess of 25% whilst in the post-entry quarantine and had Megalocytivirus-like inclusion bodies in histological sections were examined by PCR. The fish had been imported from Singapore, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. Ninety-seven of 111 individual fish from affected tanks of fish tested were positive for the presence of Megalocytivirus by PCR. Sequence analysis of representative PCR products revealed an identical sequence of 621 bp in all cases which was identical to a previously characterized Megalocytivirus (Sabah/RAA1/2012 strain BMGIV48). Phylogenetic analysis of available Megalocytivirus major capsid protein (MCP) sequences confirmed the existence of 3 major clades of Megalocytivirus. The virus detected in this study was identified as a member of Genotype II. The broad host range and pathogenicity of megalocytiviruses, coupled to the documented spread of ornamental fish into the environment, render this a significant and emerging biosecurity threat to Australia.     

Phenotypical and genotypical characterization of Shewanella putrefaciens strains isolated from diseased freshwater fish

Between 2007 and 2012, a variety of disease outbreaks most often characterized by skin disorders were observed among different species of freshwater fish in Poland. In most cases, the clinical signs included focally necrotized gills, necrotic skin lesions or ulcers. Internally, haemorrhages, oedematous kidney and abnormal spleen enlargement were generally noted. The disorders were accompanied by increased mortality. Most of the problems concerned cultured common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Fish have been examined from a number of these farms, and additionally, the wild and ornamental fish with similar clinical signs of diseases were also tested. Bacteria were isolated consistently from lesions and internal organs. They had characteristic orange-pigmented colonies which grew in pure culture or constituted 55–95% of total bacterial flora. One hundred and eighteen isolates were collected and biochemically identified as Shewanella putrefaciens group, and this was confirmed by sequencing. Challenge tests confirmed the pathogenicity of these bacteria. This is the first report characterizing and describing S. putrefaciens as a pathogen of different species of freshwater fish in Europe.     

Piscine reovirus in wild and farmed salmonids in British Columbia,Canada: 1974–2013

Piscine reovirus (PRV) was common among wild and farmed salmonids in British Columbia, western Canada, from 1987 to 2013. Salmonid tissues tested for PRV by real‐time rRT‐PCR included sections from archived paraffin blocks from 1974 to 2008 (n = 363) and fresh‐frozen hearts from 2013 (n = 916). The earliest PRV‐positive sample was from a wild‐source steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), from 1977. By histopathology (n = 404), no fish had lesions diagnostic for heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI). In some groups, lymphohistiocytic endocarditis affected a greater proportion of fish with PRV than fish without PRV, but the range of Ct values among affected fish was within the range of Ct values among unaffected fish. Also, fish with the lowest PRV Ct values (18.4–21.7) lacked endocarditis or any other consistent lesion. From 1987 to 1994, the proportion of PRV positives was not significantly different between farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (44% of 48), and wild‐source salmonids (31% of 45). In 2013, the proportion of PRV positives was not significantly different between wild coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), sampled from British Columbia (5.0% of 60) or the reference region, Alaska, USA (10% of 58).     

Liposarcoma in clownfish,Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier,produced in indoor aquaculture

Clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier, produced and grown in an experimental indoor aquaculture facility, presented with lipomatous tumours. A total of 14 affected fish were examined. Based on the total number of fish at the aquaculture facility at the time of outbreak of this pathology, the scope of the incident is estimated to be 1 of 300 fish. The tumours were characterized by the presence of mature adipocytes of variable sizes, lipoblasts and by an invasive behaviour, which affected internal organs, muscle, central nervous system and, in one case, an eye. Detailed macroscopic and histopathological features are presented. The suggested diagnosis is that of a well‐differentiated liposarcoma, a diagnosis so far never applied to fish. The limited outbreak of the neoplasm lasted a few months in 2011 and did not recur. Possible factors leading to this phenomenon, notably the metastasis, are discussed.     

棕点石斑鱼(♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1 仔、稚、幼鱼的摄食与生长特性分析

采用生态学方法,观察分析了人工育苗条件下棕点石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus,♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus,♂)杂交F1仔、稚、幼鱼的摄食习性和生长特性。结果表明,在水温29~30℃,盐度为29~30时,其杂交F1仔鱼3天开口摄食,开口饵料为ss型褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis),随后饵料系列为L型褶皱臂尾轮虫、卤虫无节幼体(Artemia salina)、卤虫(Artemia)和配合饵料;6日龄仔鱼的摄食率为92.31%,7~9日龄以后仔鱼的饱食率大都达到90%~100%;随着仔稚幼鱼的生长发育,其饱食时间逐渐缩短,消化时间逐渐增加。杂交F1仔稚鱼的摄食高峰都出现在白天,仔稚鱼夜间几乎不摄食,属白天摄食型。此外,仔、稚、幼鱼纯体重(W)与摄食量(Y)的关系为Y=0.2078W–3.3738,全长(L)与日龄(X)的关系为L=2.3159e0.0595X,纯体重(W)与日龄(X)的关系为W=0.0748e0.2021X,全长(L)与纯体重(W)的关系为W=0.0045L3.3775,口裂宽(Y)与日龄(X)的关系为Y=1.9687e0.0605X。由此可知杂交F1仔、稚、幼鱼的生长属于均匀生长型。     

豆油替代鱼油对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长、非特异性免疫和抗病力的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源配制5组等氮等能的实验饲料, 分别为全鱼油(F1)、25%(F2)、50%(F3)和75%(F4)豆油替代组和全豆油组(F5), 每组4个重复, 投喂初始体质量为(0.27±0.03) g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹6周, 评价豆油替代鱼油的饲料对幼蟹生长、非特异性免疫力和抗病力的影响。结果发现, 各组幼蟹的存活率差异不显著(P>0.05); F4组幼蟹的增重率和特定生长率显著高于F1组(P<0.05), 但与其他各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。F4组幼蟹的血清酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05), F5组最低。幼蟹的血清中超氧化物歧化酶活性以F4组最高, 显著高于F3组(P<0.05), F3和F4组均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05), 其他F1、F2和F5三组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。F1组幼蟹的血清丙二醛含量最高(P<0.05), 其余各组之间则差异不显著(P>0.05); F4组幼蟹的血清酚氧化酶活性最高, 而F5组最低(P<0.05); 各组幼蟹的溶菌酶差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验结束后, 采用嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)攻毒10 d, 发现F5组幼蟹最早出现死亡, 且该组幼蟹的累积死亡率显著高于F1和F4组(P<0.05)。结果提示, 采用豆油完全替代饲料中的鱼油对幼蟹的生长影响不显著, 但会降低其抵抗感染疾病的能力; 用75%豆油替代鱼油可在明显提高幼蟹免疫机能和抗病力的情况下获得良好的生长性能。

     

双齿围沙蚕-牙鲆网箱综合养殖模型碳、氮收支的实验研究

在实验室条件下, 设计相同的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)鱼苗网箱养殖密度(密度5尾/箱, 鱼苗体质量约21 g), 分别与不同数量的双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis albuhitensis, 0 g, 50 g, 70 g, 90 g)混合养殖, 4个实验组分别记作C、S1、S2和S3, 网箱规格为Ф60 cm×30 cm。各实验组设3个平行组, 实验进行40 d。牙鲆和沙蚕在称重前均饥饿24 h, 同时取5尾牙鲆和20 g沙蚕作为实验初始样品。实验期间, 每天07:30和18:00分2次投喂配合饲料, 根据对照组饵料剩余情况适时调整投喂量, 每个实验单元的投饵量基本一致, 此过程中不处理残饵和粪便。实验单元采用微流水, 流量为250~500 L/d。实验期间, 24 h持续微量充气。至实验结束时, 全部生物饥饿24 h。将其全部取出, 擦干体表水分, 称重后置于70℃干燥箱中烘干至衡重, 研磨、分析。结果表明, 对照组(C)的底质积累碳、氮量最高, 各实验组水体净输出的氮和有机碳量以及呼吸碳量分别无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料是碳、氮输入的主要来源。在输出各项中, 各个实验组水体净输出氮占输出氮比例无显著差异(P>0.05), 而系统净排放氮以对照组所占比例最高, 但与S1和S2组无显著差异(P>0.05); 对照组底质积累氮所占输出氮比例显著高于S2和S3组(P<0.05)。对照组底质积累碳所占比例显著高于其他各实验组(P<0.05); 对照组和S1组的水体净输出有机碳比例显著高于S3组(P<0.05), 而S3组碳净排放占碳输出的比例显著低于对照组和S1组(P<0.05)。碳、氮产投比均以对照组最低。在本研究条件下, 双齿围沙蚕在综合养殖模型中可利用牙鲆网箱养殖产生的残饵和粪便, 减少底质碳、氮积累, 提高产投比, 综合养殖模型既可以降低碳、氮排放, 又可以增加产品产出。结论认为, 网箱养殖牙鲆搭配双齿围沙蚕的综合养殖模型理论上具有可行性, 双齿围沙蚕可以作为牙鲆网箱养殖产生的残饵和粪便的一道有效处理屏障, 此模型在港湾和围堰鱼类网箱养殖中更有意义。

     

金沙江下游支流大汶溪鱼类资源现状与保护对策

2011年7月至2013年3月对金沙江下游支流大汶溪进行了6次鱼类资源调查,共设3个采样点,每次调查时间为10~15 d。结果表明,大汶溪共采集到鱼类3目、8科、28属、41种,其中长江上游特有鱼类8种;大汶溪上游以齐口裂腹鱼[Schizothorax(Schizothorax)prenanti]、短体副鳅(Paracobitis potanini)和短须裂腹鱼[Schizothorax(Schizothorax)wangchiachii]为优势种,中游以齐口裂腹鱼、短体副鳅为优势种,下游以鲫(Carassius auratus)、宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)、蛇鮈(Saurogobio dabryi)为优势种,不同江段的渔获物组成存在差异;主要捕捞对象齐口裂腹鱼平均体重低于80 g、起捕规格小于10 g,存在过度捕捞现象。大汶溪鱼类多样性指数较高,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H)、Wilhm改进指数(H')、Simpson优势度指数(C)、Pielou均匀度指数(E)分别为1.683~2.785、1.116~2.789、0.6597~0.9016、0.2831~0.4762,但整体上低于金沙江绥江段,该江段此4项指数分别为3.230、2.893、0.9421和0.4681。向家坝水电站淹没成库以及过度捕捞对大汶溪鱼类资源形成威胁,需要加强鱼类生态保护措施。