大连湾海域鱼类的群落结构研究

采用大连湾海域四季底拖网调查数据(2006年夏、冬季和2007年春、秋季),对其鱼类群落结构进行研究,并利用多样性指数法和丰度/生物量比较法(ABC曲线)评价鱼类群落受外界扰动的程度。研究结果表明,该海域四季共采集鱼类31种,隶属于10目24科31属,鱼类区系组成在适温性上以暖温性鱼类为主,在栖息水层上以底层鱼类为主。夏季鱼类生物量(43.16kg/h)和生物数量(950个/h)均明显高于其他3个季节。四季共有优势种为大泷六线鱼和许氏平鲉。鱼类群落多样性指数季节变化范围分别为物种丰富度指数0.76~2.16、多样性指数0.63~1.96、物种均匀度指数0.36~0.91。各季节间生物量和丰度组成的Bray-Curtis相似性均较高。多样性指数法和丰度/生物量曲线法对鱼类群落受外界扰动评价结果一致,均表明鱼类群落受到中度扰动,且秋冬季高于春夏季。本研究可为大连湾海湾生态系统健康评价和生态修复提供科学依据。     

一种使用多特征的鱼类图像检索方法

为解决数量巨大、特征复杂的鱼类图像难以用单个特征准确描述,以至于给鱼类图像检索带来困难的问题,提出了一种基于多特征的鱼类图像检索方法——MFFIR,并针对鱼类图像的特点设计了由颜色直方图、特征矩和Gabor特征构成多维特征向量。在此基础上,采用MFFIR法通过计算多维特征向量的特征相关性,实现了鱼类图像的匹配与检索。为验证此方法的有效性,使用"QUT_fish_data"数据集和"DLOU_fish_data"数据集进行了仿真实验,实验结果表明,MFFIR法具有较好的准确率和较强的鲁棒性。     

体外模拟淡水鱼小清蛋白对胃肠消化的影响

大多数食物过敏原的理化性质决定了蛋白质在消化道中的稳定性.模拟胃液(simulated gastric fluid,SGF)的稳定性是评估食物过敏的一个重要参数.为了解一种主要的鱼类过敏原小清蛋白(parvalbumin,PV)与来自鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)和鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichthys molhrix)肌肉中的非致敏性蛋白在SGF和模拟肠液(simulated intestinal fluid,SIF)中的稳定性差异,本研究采用3种蛋白水解酶(胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和来自猪的胰凝乳蛋白酶)来模拟人(Homo sapiens)体肠道的消化蛋白酶;结合两次三氯乙酸沉淀法和凝胶过滤层析法纯化PV,通过Tricine-十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,Tricine-SDS-PAGE)和Western blot对3种蛋白在模拟肠胃液中的稳定性进行了评估.结果显示,鲤鱼和鲢鱼的PV都获得了分子量约10kD的蛋白,同时在SGF中鲤鱼和鲢鱼的纯化PV也获得了相同的分子量蛋白.胃蛋白酶使原先的PV带几乎在60 min内完全降解,并观察到一些稳定的肽片段,而胰蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶在240 min后都无法有效降解PV.在SGF中的非致敏性鱼浆蛋白在很短的时间内迅速降解,而PV的消化时间延长.Western blot分析表明,抗鲢鱼PV多克隆抗体可以特异性地检测到PV及其降解产物.PV比非致敏性蛋白更能抵抗蛋白酶消化,相比胰蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶,胃蛋白酶处理能更有效地减少超敏反应.研究结果为未来低致敏性鱼产品的开发提供了理论参考.     

湖南书院洲国家湿地公园鱼类资源调查

通过对湖南书院洲国家湿地公园两个不同断面鱼类进行了连续监测,对其群落组成、生物多样性、优势种组成进行了比较分析。调查发现:有鱼类30种,隶属于5目9科。两个不同生境断面的鱼类小型鱼类均以鲤形目鲤科鱼类为主,且多为小型鱼类。在鱼类的群落结构多样性度量值差异不大:(1)断面Ⅰ鱼类分5目7科22种;断面Ⅱ有鱼类分4目7科19种;(2)断面Ⅰ和断面Ⅱ的多样性指数分别是2.58和2.67,均衡度指数是0.835和1.1,种类相似性指数是53.7%。本次调查还发现湿地公园鲤形目鲤科鱼类新记录5种:分别是银鮈、似鮈、达式鲌、飘鱼和红唇薄鳅。     

养殖水体溶氧平衡的实验分析及泛塘成因再探讨

在江汉平原荆州市分别在植物培养箱和自然条件下模拟高密度养殖水体,利用多参数水质监测仪,采用完全开放式对养殖水体溶氧、水温等要素的变化进行自动连续观测,结合养殖水域中溶解氧动态平衡方程分别计算出水-气界面溶氧速率、水呼吸耗氧速率、草鱼呼吸耗氧率及光合作用产氧量;并对低溶氧条件下草鱼生存时间等进行实验监测。结果显示：鱼塘水呼吸耗氧率1.22~1.83 mg/(L·h);在水体溶氧在1.5 mg/L以上时,草鱼的代谢呼吸耗氧率为78.6~210.0 mg/(L·h);在高密度养殖塘内水呼吸是鱼呼吸耗氧4倍以上。阴到多云天气下光合作用产氧量为3.47~4.33 mg/(L·h),大于鱼呼吸与水呼吸量之和,但阴雨天光合作用产氧量不能维持鱼塘良好的溶氧环境。草鱼在0.1~0.4 mg/L低溶氧环境中有浮头出现,但能存活长达到5天时间。分析还表明：缺氧引起浮头,也造成底层H₂S、CH₄有毒物质增加,雨水进入鱼池形成水上下层对流,水体上部有毒物质浓度升高是泛塘死鱼的主要原因。     

鱼新鲜度检测方法研究进展

鱼是人类最主要的动物性食品来源之一,其新鲜度直接影响着消费者的健康甚至生命安全。传统的鱼新鲜度的检测方法主要包括感官评价、理化指标检测和微生物检测等。新型的检测方法包括感官仿生技术、光谱技术和生物传感技术等。较为全面地论述了目前鱼体鲜度快速评价的主要技术和方法,进行了适当的比较和讨论,并展望了未来研究发展的趋势,以期为进一步开展深入研究及制定我国鱼新鲜度判定规范提供可靠的理论依据。     

Preparation of Photocrosslinked Fish Elastin Polypeptide/Microfibrillated Cellulose Composite Gels with Elastic Properties for Biomaterial Applications

Photocrosslinked hydrogels reinforced by microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) were prepared from a methacrylate-functionalized fish elastin polypeptide and MFC dispersed in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). First, a water-soluble elastin peptide with a molecular weight of ca. 500 g/mol from the fish bulbus arteriosus was polymerized by N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), a condensation reagent, and then modified with 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (MOI) to yield a photocrosslinkable fish elastin polypeptide. The product was dissolved in DMSO and irradiated with UV light in the presence of a radical photoinitiator. We obtained hydrogels successfully by substitution of DMSO with water. The composite gel with MFC was prepared by UV irradiation of the photocrosslinkable elastin polypeptide mixed with dispersed MFC in DMSO, followed by substitution of DMSO with water. The tensile test of the composite gels revealed that the addition of MFC improved the tensile properties, and the shape of the stress–strain curve of the composite gel became more similar to the typical shape of an elastic material with an increase of MFC content. The rheology measurement showed that the elastic modulus of the composite gel increased with an increase of MFC content. The cell proliferation test on the composite gel showed no toxicity.     

The first‐feeding response of larval southern bluefin tuna,Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau, 1872), and yellowtail kingfish,Seriola lalandi (Valenciennes, 1833), to prey density,prey size and larval density

We investigated the first‐feeding success of two species: southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) and yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) to determine if similar culture parameters can be used for both, especially when S. lalandi are held in the same tanks as prey for T. maccoyii. The feeding performance (proportion and intensity) was examined in three short‐duration (4 h) experiments: prey density, prey size and larval density. Increasing prey density from 0.5 to 25 rotifers mL^?1 increased the proportion of T. maccoyii and S. lalandi larvae feeding. Prey size alone did not affect feeding in either species. Seriola lalandi had a decreased proportion of larvae feeding when larval density reached 50 larvae L^?1 concurrent with a gradual increase in feeding intensity between 2 and 50 larvae L^?1. In T. maccoyii, there was no pattern to the effect of larval density on the proportion of larvae feeding. The overall feeding performance of larvae was higher in T. maccoyii than S. lalandi. Increased prey density improved the first‐feeding ability of T. maccoyii and S. lalandi larvae. The effect of larval density on S. lalandi feeding requires further investigation, to ensure that they remain feeding when provided as prey in T. maccoyii culture. The identification of factors in this study, which increase first‐feeding success, will improve the culture of both species.     

A combination of plant oils promotes adequate growth of the freshwater catfish Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard 1824)

Essential fatty acids should be included in the diet to ensure adequate fish growth. Despite the great number of studies on fatty acid nutrition of fish, there are still several unknowns. The aim of the present study was to investigate fatty acid nutrition of jundiá, a Latin American freshwater catfish. Four diets were formulated containing (i) coconut oil (?C, negative control), (ii) coconut oil + high‐docosahexaenoic‐acid‐fish oil (+C, positive control) and coconut + sunflower + linseed oils at different ratios, producing either (iii) a diet rich in linoleic acid (LA) (HighLA) or 4) a diet low in LA (LowLA). All diets contained significant amounts of saturated fatty acids (at least 57.5% total fatty acids in HighLA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (at least 19.1% total fatty acids in ?C). Diets were fed to jundiá fingerlings (1.5 g) for 70 days; growth, body composition and liver histology were evaluated. The ?C diet, without essential fatty acids, promoted significantly lower fish growth, body fat accumulation and hepatic lipidosis. Fish fed HighLA and LowLA diets presented similar growth as fish fed +C diet. These findings suggest that diet formulations for jundiá catfish fingerlings can include only plant oils without negative effect on growth, survival, body composition, fish health or parameters of feed utilization (ingestion rate and protein utilization).     

三峡水库高、低水位下开县汉丰湖鱼类资源变化特征

2012年10-11月三峡水库高水位期以及2013年5-6月三峡水库低水位期调查了汉丰湖的鱼类资源,研究三峡水库高、低水位下汉丰湖鱼类种类组成、优势种类、生物多样性以及群落相似性,并对不同水位下汉丰湖鱼类群落结构的扰动特征和增殖放流情况进行了辨识和探讨。共采集到鱼类17 553尾,42种,隶属于4目7科31属。其中三峡水库低水位时采集到鱼类33种,高水位时采集到鱼类34种。汉丰湖优势种类在三峡水库低水位时为银鮈Squalidus argentatus、似鳊Pseudobrama simoni、歺又鱼Hemiculter leucisculus、蒙古鲌Culter mongolicus mongolicus和鲤Cyprinus(Cyprinus)carpio;在三峡水库高水位时为似鳊、鲤、鲫Carassius auratus、张氏歺又鱼Hemiculter tchangi和鲇Silurus asotus。汉丰湖鱼类Shannon-wiener多样性指数(H’)、Simpson优势度指数(D)、Pielous均匀度指数(E)和Margalef种类丰富度指数(R)在三峡水库低水位时分别为1.63、0.67、0.46和3.52;在三峡水库高水位时分别为2.15、0.80、0.61和4.34。三峡水库低、高水位时汉丰湖鱼类群落结构的Bray-Curtis相似性仅为26.52%,喜缓、静水生境的银鮈、张氏歺又鱼、鲤、歺又鱼、鲫、鲇、似鳊和蒙古鲌是群落结构差异的主要种类,累积差异贡献率为90.67%。汉丰湖鱼类群落在高水位时受到中等程度的干扰,而在低水位时受到严重干扰。建议每年均放流鲢、鳙、草鱼并进一步加大放流规模。