风光互补发电系统在农村水环境污染治理中的应用

综述了我国农村水环境污染现状,分析了造成农村水污染的主要原因,提出了以风光互补离线发电系统来治理农村水环境污染的方法。     

An expression for wind erosion rate from dry and dense soil surface

Wind erosion is a physical process predominated by airborne grains rather than the wind itself. The soil deformation is either elastic–plastic or fully plastic during its collisions with solid grains, corresponding to dense and loose soils, respectively. Only the fully plastic deformation was previously taken into account in the physically-based wind erosion models. The impact erosion of dry and dense soil surface can be well quantified by the contact mechanics and strength theories. In this study, with the help of Owen's uniform saltation model, a simple expression for wind erosion rate is derived based upon the eroded volume per impact when soil deforms in the elastic–plastic manner. The new expression, a simple analytical function of several conventional variables and parameters of wind and soil, describes the effects of saltation flux and soil susceptibility. Its validity is verified by some field and laboratory experiments.     

Effects of wind turbines and other physical elements on field utilization by pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus): A landscape perspective

The effects of wind turbines and other physical landscape elements on field utilization by wintering pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus) were studied in a Danish farmland landscape. Within the study area geese were feeding on pastures, which together with cereals were the main crop types. Apart from wind turbines a variety of potentially disturbing landscape elements was present, e.g., high-power lines, windbreaks, roads and settlements. Patterns of field use were assessed by measuring goose dropping densities along transects perpendicular to wind farms (with turbines in clusters and in lines) and other landscape elements. Local effects were expressed in terms of `avoidance distance', i.e., the distance from a given landscape element to the point at which 50% of maximal dropping density was reached. The spatial distribution of landscape elements within an eight km radius from the goose roost was determined from aerial photographs. The area occupied by various elements, together with the adjacent zones which were not available to geese due to their associated avoidance distances, were quantified using Geographic Information System (GIS).The avoidance distance of wind farms with turbines in lines and in clusters were ca 100 m and ca 200 m, respectively. Geese did not enter the area between turbines within the cluster. At the landscape level, the combined effect of physical elements other than wind turbines caused an effective loss of 68% of the total field area (40 km²). Wind turbines caused an additional loss of 4% of the field area. However, of the remaining area available to geese (13 km²), wind turbines caused a loss of 13% of the total area. The habitat loss per turbine was higher for the wind farm with turbines arranged in a large cluster than for wind farms with turbines in small clusters or lines. This difference was mainly due to the fact that wind farms in small clusters or with a linear layout were generally placed close to roads or other elements with existing associated avoidance zones, whereas the large cluster was placed in the open farmland area. The avoidance zones associated with physical elements in the landscape do not take into account possible synergistic effects and, hence, actual field areas affected are likely to be minimum estimates. Implications of these findings for planning of wind farms in areas of conservation interest to geese are discussed.     

植物低温诱导蛋白和诱导基因研究新进展

本文就近年来植物低温诱导蛋白和低温诱导基因的研究进展进行了概述，同时探讨了低温诱导蛋白和低温诱导基因与植物抗寒能力之间的关系。     

苹果酸处理水稻种子对秧苗根系及抗寒性影响的初探

水稻种子经苹果酸处理后,淀粉酶过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性均有提高。其幼苗根系发达,根/茎叶比重增加。幼苗经5C冷处理后,超氧化物歧化酶活性和叶绿素含量虽表现出下降,但明显高于对照。丙二醛含量和电解质渗漏率比对照为低。苹果酸处理在一定程度上提高了水稻秧苗素质及抗寒能力。     

棱角山矾种子的休眠与萌发初探

棱角山矾种壳占种子风干重90.19%,种子透水性良好.浓硫酸处理1.5小时后,可使种壳减轻9.48%.硫酸处理增强了种子的透气性并减弱了种壳机械束缚力.添加500mg·L-1GA3溶液,经过1～5 ℃16h及20 ℃8h变温砂藏三个月后,可获得44%出苗率,而对照种子则颗粒不发.     

水条播对寒地水稻农艺性状和产量构成因素的影响

随着劳动力的短缺,直播水稻具有省工省力的优点逐渐受到重视,因此筛选适宜水条播（直播）的水稻品种是极其重要的。为此,以29份寒地水稻为材料,采用随机区组试验设计,研究水条播对寒地水稻农艺性状、产量构成因素和产量的影响。结果表明,水条播对寒地水稻单位面积穗数的影响为偏正向,对株高、穗长、穗重、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、穗粒数、成粒率、千粒重、生物产量、经济系数和理论产量的影响都是偏负向的。水条播提高了穗重、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、单位面积穗数、穗粒数、成粒率、千粒重、生物产量、经济系数和理论产量的变异程度,而千粒重的变异系数较小。穗重、成粒率和生物产量对水条播反应较敏感的材料,一般其理论产量对水条播的反应也较敏感。     

黄金茶CsDAM2基因克隆及其功能分析

休眠是通过植物体内相应基因的表达调控机制,使植物芽停止生长,以适应外界低温、短日照等不良环境条件的结果。茶芽打破休眠的早晚,密切关系到茶树经济生产的效益。为进一步掌握茶树芽休眠与解除的分子机理>本研究克隆了可能与黄金茶发芽早相关的转录因子(dormancy associated MADS-box CsDAM2),并在烟草中过表达CsDAM2,对CsDAM2转基因烟草和野生型烟草进行低温处理。结果表明,在相同处理条件下,随着温度的降低,同野生型烟草比较,转基因烟草电导率增加幅度小,并且叶绿素荧光值降低率低,说明在抗寒性能上,转基因烟草具有显著优势,进而一定程度上证实了 CsDAM2具有提髙茶树抗寒性的作用。本研究结果为进一步揭示茶树芽休眠与解除的分子机理提供了科学依据。     

冬小麦低温处理叶片细胞膜透性的QTL定位

为探索冬小麦抗寒性的分子机制,以168个花培3号×豫麦57的双单倍体株系为作图群体,利用已构建含有324个SSR标记的遗传图谱,对电导法测定低温(−18℃)处理后的叶片膜透性进行QTL定位。利用完全区间作图法,在3种环境下共检测到21个与叶片膜透性相关的加性QTLs,分布于1B、2A、3A、3B、5B、6A、6B、6D、7B和7D染色体上,其中4个位点(qCMP-1B-1、qCMP-3B-2、qCMP-5B-1和qCMP-5B-4)遗传贡献率大于10%,属主效基因,其余QTL的遗传贡献率较小,属微效基因。3种环境条件下在5B染色体的Xgwm213–Xswes861.2区间检测到共同位点,与Xswes861.2的遗传距离为0 cM,其中qCMP-5B-1 (环境1)和qCMP-5B-4 (环境3)的贡献率高达17.5%和14.0%。研究结果对于小麦抗寒标记选择和抗寒育种具有应用价值。     

寒地水稻田节肢动物群落多样性调查分析

根据田间系统调查把稻田节肢动物群落按营养和取食关系划分为三个营养层（基位物种、中位物种、顶位物种）和不同的功能集团,在物种、功能集团和营养层三个组织层次水平上分析了稻田节肢动物群落的结构和多样性。结果表明：三类稻田中,施生物药剂稻田的生态稳定性最好,自然稻田的生态稳定性好于施化学药剂稻田的生态稳定性。