甘蓝型油菜抗寒性的形态生理学研究

本试验研究了甘蓝型油菜抗寒性的形态生理学基础,分析了抗寒性与若干影响因子之间的关系,并用数学分析方法综合评价抗寒性,以确定有关因子对抗寒性的相对重要性。结果表明,甘蓝型油菜的抗寒性与外界温度(最低气温)相关密切,它主要通过对抗寒性生理基础的影响来实现的。在这些生理因子中,水分状况尤其是自由水和束缚水含量,与抗寒性关系密切;其次是细胞汁浓度和可溶性糖含量。光合作用和呼吸作用也与抗寒性有关。     

植物CBF转录因子及其在植物抗寒性中的作用

综述了CBF转录因子研究进展,介绍了CBF转录因子的分离鉴定、表达、结构特点以及其在植物抗寒性中的作用机制。     

Fipronil resistance mechanisms in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker

Fipronil resistance mechanisms were studied between the laboratory susceptible strain and the selective field population of rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker in the laboratory. The borer population was collected from Wenzhou county, Zhejiang province. After five generations of selection, fipronil resistance ratio was 45.3-fold compared to the susceptible strain. Synergism experiments showed that the synergistic ratios of PBO, TPP and DEF on fipronil in susceptible and resistant strains of C. suppressalis were 7.55-, 1.93- and 2.91-fold, respectively, and DEM showed no obvious synergistic action on fipronil. Activities of carboxylesterase and microsomal-O-demethylase in the resistant strain were 1.89- and 1.36-fold higher that in susceptible strain, and no significant difference of glutathione-S-transferase activity was found between the resistant and susceptible strains. The K_m and V_max experiments also demonstrated that fipronil resistance of C. suppressalis was closely relative to the enhanced activities of carboxylesterase and microsomal-O-demethylase. Moreover, cross-resistance between fipronil and other conventional insecticides and the multiple resistant properties of the original Wenzhou’s population were also discussed.     

Long-Term Ecological Monitoring

The intent of long-term ecological monitoring is to document changes in important properties of biological communities. At the least, a long-term monitoring system should be designed to detect long-term trends in three key attributes: soil and site stability, hydrologic function, and the biotic integrity of the system. There are four basic guidelines for developing integrated soil-vegetation monitoring systems for rangelands. These are: (1) identifying a suite of indicators which are consistently correlated with the functional status of one or more critical ecosystem processes and/or properties; (2) selecting base indicators on site specific objectives and resource concerns, and inherent soil and site characteristics; (3) using spatial variability in developing and interpreting indicators to make them more representative of ecological processes; and (4) interpreting indicators in the context of an understanding of dynamic, nonlinear ecological processes. To the extent possible, indicators should reflect early changes in ecological processes and indicate that a more significant change is likely to occur. In addition to these guidelines, measurements included in long-term monitoring systems should be rapidly applied, simple to understand, inexpensive to use, and quantitatively repeatable.     

Imidacloprid resistance and its mechanisms in field populations of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål in China

Imidacloprid is a key insecticide universally used for control of brown planthopper (BPH), and its resistance had been studied previously with laboratory selected strains. When the failure in field control happened in China in 2005, imidacloprid resistance in field populations of BPH (AQ, NJ, GL and WJ) was monitored and studied. The results demonstrated that the BPH of field populations had developed moderate to high level of resistance to imidacloprid. This resistance is attributed mainly to the enhanced P450 monooxygenases detoxification and could be enhanced in the same growing season if the insecticide was sprayed over and over. Further studies revealed that imidacloprid resistant hoppers did not show cross-resistance to all the neonicotinoid insecticides and high level of imidacloprid resistance in BPH was very unstable. Thus, efficient substitute neonicotinoids could be selected and “window control” could be implemented in resistance management. For checking the resistance mutation previously reported in laboratory selected strains, new corresponding target subunit genes were cloned and sequenced, but no mutations were found associated consistently with resistance.     

Classification of herbicides according to chemical family for weed resistance management strategies – an update

There are inaccuracies in the chemical families of the WSSA and HRAC herbicide classification systems which could limit their practical use in herbicide‐based weed management strategies. In essence, these inaccuracies could be divided into four parts: (i) the nomenclature of many of the chemical families is not correct, (ii) distinct active ingredients are grouped in same chemical families, (iii) many chemical families have been repeated in at least two modes of action/herbicide groups, and (iv) many active ingredients have not been assigned to chemical family, herbicide group or mode of action. The aim of this study was to revise the current classifications and to propose corrections for the current ones. Detailed investigations on chemical structure of the active ingredients of the registered herbicides showed that some moieties have the same mechanisms of action. According to this study, these moieties have been assigned to the names of chemical families and active ingredients are then classified within the chemical families accordingly. This study has 119 chemical families, compared with 145 in the WSSA system and 58 in the HRAC system. A major priority of this study is the number of active ingredients covered; we included 410 active ingredients with known mechanisms of action and herbicide groups, more than 100 active ingredients more than the current classification systems. Overall, this study provides better opportunities for the management of resistance to herbicides through the application of improved pure and applied knowledge.     

Resistance and partial resistance to Phytophthora sojae in early maturity group soybean plant introductions

Phytophthora sojae, an important yield limiting pathogen of soybean, causes seed, seedling, root, and stem rots. Losses caused by P. sojae can be controlled by both major gene and partial resistance. Early maturity group (MG) soybeans are an increasingly important crop in northwestern Minnesota and eastern North Dakota. Early MG plant introductions (PIs) from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection and early MG public and private cultivars were evaluated for resistance and partial resistance to P. sojae. Of the 113 PIs, PI438445, and PI438454 exhibited resistance to P. sojae races 4, 7, 17, and 28 indicating they may possess either Rps1c, Rps1k, previously unidentified or multiple resistance gene to Phytophthora sojae (Rps) genes. Because they exhibited partial resistance equal to or greater than the standard check cultivar Conrad, three early MG soybean cultivars (MN0902, MN0302, and 91B53) were selected as standard checks to evaluate early MG PIs for partial resistance. Sixty-nine PIs were evaluated for partial resistance to P. sojae races 7 and 25 using the inoculum layer method. Of this group of PIs, 22 had the same level of partial resistance as Conrad to P. sojae race 7 while 19 had the same degree of partial resistance to race 25. Twelve PIs had same level of partial resistance as Conrad to both P. sojae races 7 and 25. The PIs and cultivars identified in this study will be of great value in developing early MG soybean cultivars suitable for planting in Canada and the northern United States.     

单粒稻米直链淀粉含量测定方法研究

单粒精米不经磨粉，直接用冷碱液在３０℃下糊化，继而煮沸测定直链淀粉含量，测得的直链淀粉含量经ｔ测验。与中华人民共和国农业部部颁标准ＮＹ１４７－８８的结果差异不显著，本法可应用于水稻直链淀粉含量的遗传分析与杂交稻米食用品质性状研究，为常规育种的后代筛选和杂交水稻的组合选配提供有效手段。     

朱砂叶螨抗甲氰菊酯品系选育及遗传分析

 从保留的室内相对敏感品系分出一个亚品系开始培育朱砂叶螨的甲氰菊酯抗药性品系。连续用药40代，抗性增长68.5倍。以此抗性品系（R）和相对敏感品系（S）杂交、回交，研究朱砂叶螨对甲氰菊酯的抗性遗传形式。正交（SR）和反交（RS）F1代的LC-P线介于S与R之间且偏向S方，显性度DSR和DRS分别为-0.83和-0.29，表明抗性由不完全隐性基因控制；两D值（DRS和DSR）95%置信限没有重叠，表明两个 D值（DSR和DRS）存在显著差异，也表明朱砂叶螨对甲氰菊酯的抗性遗传可能存在母体影响或核外效应；对F1杂合子与亲本的回交（SR♀×S♂和RS♀×R♂）F2代测定表明抗性由单基因控制。     

蔬菜钾素营养的研究现状与展望

概述了目前国内外钾素在蔬菜作物栽培上的研究概况,从钾的植物生理学研究、钾对蔬菜作物产量、品质、抗逆性以及氮钾元素相互作用等方面作了比较详细的总结。钾几乎影响植物体内所有的代谢过程,包括光合作用、同化产物运转和分配、能量代谢、水分代谢、氮素代谢等许多方面。由于钾素影响了植株的代谢过程,从而对作物生长和产量形成具有积极作用,同时钾作为品质元素,可以提高果实的品质,但也有相反的报道。在总结前人研究的基础上对今后蔬菜钾素营养的研究提出了一些建议。随着蔬菜保护地的日益发展,科学地施用钾肥,明确钾及氮钾互作在蔬菜生理上的作用以及根据土壤和植株指标对土壤钾素盈亏进行诊断应是今后研究的主要方向。