滨海盐渍区海水养殖废水利用与减蒸抑盐措施研究

在半干旱的莱州地区,利用微区试验研究了海水养殖废水灌溉和秸秆覆盖双重作用下滨海盐土水盐行为及其耐盐能源作物(菊芋)效应。结果表明:秸秆覆盖能明显抑制土面蒸发,具有很好的保墒效果;秸秆覆盖能明显减弱土壤盐分的表聚作用,有效缓解了盐分对作物的直接接触危害。因海水养殖废水灌溉带入土体的大量盐分通过低频次的补充灌溉措施,以及夏季雨水的自然淋洗,土壤表层盐分在可控范围之内。秸秆覆盖能改善作物株形,显著增加作物产量,为我国滨海盐碱地区高矿化度的咸水资源有效利用以及耐盐能源作物生产提供了基本依据。     

山东沿海地区耕地利用集约度时空特征

为了探讨沿海地区耕地保护利用和国家粮食安全的政策指向,选取山东省2400个农户成本数据,利用层次分析法和因子分析法构建了以粮食主产区为背景的耕地利用集约度评价指标体系并将之应用于山东省。分析结果显示,耕地利用集约度所表现出来的时空特征主要受制于农药强度;产出效率增长速度与水平落后于要素强度;粮食保障水平与耕地利用集约度呈正相关;半岛蓝色经济区整体表现优于规划联动区。研究所体现的政策指向是：中央政府应进一步加大对地处沿海粮食主产区的投入力度,研发高效低污染农药,充分发挥沿海经济与技术进步对农业生产的辐射,使产出效率在保持提高的条件下进一步提升耕地利用集约度,提高直补效率,保障新时期国家的粮食安全。     

海涂高位养殖系统中盐份变化特征与脱盐趋势预测

1992年开始围田囤蓄养殖,对海涂大面积引咸蓄淡高位养殖系统中池水和底泥盐份变化进行了动态研究。由1996年至2005年的测定结果表明:(1)以Na-Cl型高矿化河水(>3.5 g L-1)为抽提补充池塘水源,同时雨季池塘大面积囤蓄降水,池塘水体盐份浓度由3.67 g L-1下降至2.28 g L-1。(2)池塘底泥盐份逐年降低,1 m剖面底泥盐份由3.22 g kg-1下降至1.06 g kg-1;回归统计底泥盐份与Na+、Cl-离子相关性均达到极显著水平。(3)利用指数曲线模型预测底泥脱盐趋势,获得的后续每2 a脱盐预测值分别为δ2007=0.824g kg-1,δ2009=0.638 g kg-1,为后续旱改提供了理论依据。     

珠海滨海园林植物盐害及野生耐盐植物调查

调查了珠海市香洲区滨海情侣路、横琴岛、淇澳岛、高栏岛、荷包岛滨海路段滨海海水盐度、土壤理化性质、园林植物叶部受害状况.结果显示,珠海市海水盐度为10～25 ‰;滨海区土壤多为中性土(pH值为6.5～7.5),少数为酸性土pH值低于6.5或碱性pH值高于7.5.淇澳岛土壤全盐量和土壤pH值都明显高于其它地点.土壤全盐量与土壤碱解N、交换性Na 存在极显著的相关性.聚类分析结果显示,淇澳岛红树林土壤与其它陆生土壤的养分差异显著,陆生地点的土壤养分差异趋势不一致.珠海滨海园林绿地以小叶榕、椰子、大王椰子、假连翅、福建茶、黄金榕和蔓马缨丹等比较常见.其中,假连翘、小叶榕和黄金榕等72种或变种在滨海区出现盐害,受害率达60.5%.野狸岛、横琴岛、淇澳岛和荷包岛等岛屿滨海区的植物调查结果显示,珠海滨海乡土植物资源丰富,滨海植物种类共记录了56种野生维管植物,有21种具有较高观赏价值.     

Application of digital soil mapping methods for identifying salinity management classes based on a study on coastal central China

In coastal China, there is an urgent need to increase land for agriculture. One solution is land reclamation from coastal tidelands, but soil salinization poses a problem. Thus, there is need to map saline areas and identify appropriate management strategies. One approach is the use of digital soil mapping. At the first stage, auxiliary data such as remotely sensed multispectral imagery can be used to identify areas of low agricultural productivity due to salinity. Similarly, proximal sensing instruments can provide data on the distribution of soil salinity. In this study, we first used multispectral QuickBird imagery (Bands 1–4) to provide information about crop growth and then EM38 data to indicate relative salt content using measurements of apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) in the horizontal (EC_h) and vertical (EC_v) modes of operation. Second, we used a fuzzy k‐means (FKM) algorithm to identify three salinity management zones using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), EC_h and EC_v/EC_h. The three identified classes were statistically different in terms of auxiliary and topsoil properties (e.g. soil organic matter) and more importantly in terms of the distribution of soil salinity (EC_e) with depth. The resultant three classes were mapped to demonstrate that remote and proximally sensed auxiliary data can be used as surrogates for identifying soil salinity management zones.     

泉州海岸带灾害系统的复杂性研究

泉州海岸带灾害系统是一个复杂的动态巨系统,各种灾害表现出不均匀性、多样性、差异性、随机性、突变性、迟缓性、重现性以及无序性等复杂性的特点.以系统论为指导,探讨其在存在和演化上的复杂性.     

“一山三带”水土保持植被恢复模式的探讨

我国是世界上水土流失严重的国家之一,治理环境、保持水土是走经济可持续发展道路的基本保障。"一山三带"植被恢复模式(林—果—农模式),很好地解决了保护与发展的矛盾,成为山地丘陵区广为运用的水土保持植被恢复模式。对"一山三带"水土保持植被恢复模式的产生、原理、生态意义以及模式的实际应用等进行了阐述,同时分析了该模式在我国南北方的适宜性。     

黄河三角洲滩涂——湿地——旱地土壤团聚体有机质组分变化规律

土壤团聚体有机质是具有生物、化学活性的土壤有机质组分,在土壤碳库周转过程中起重要作用。以黄河三角洲滨海土壤为研究对象,分析土壤团聚体有机质组分含量及稳定性碳同位素,探讨研究区由潮滩到内陆依次分布的无植被荒地、盐生植被湿地和旱地土壤团聚体有机质分配特征、碳库稳定性及来源。结果表明:在无植被荒地—湿地—旱地过渡区,土壤有机质含量呈先增加后降低的趋势,且与大团聚体含量呈显著正相关关系。土壤团聚体有机质可以分为大(微)团聚体表面游离颗粒态有机质(f POM)、大(微)团聚体内部结合的颗粒态有机质(iPOM)和矿物结合态有机质(m SOM)。无植被荒地fPOM、iPOM(250～2 000μm)和mSOM的有机碳含量较低;随着盐生植被的生长,湿地土壤中此3种颗粒态有机质的有机碳含量明显增加,最高分别达到410.0 g·kg~(-1)、98.8g·kg~(-1)和18.8 g·kg~(-1);湿地过渡为旱地后,3种颗粒态有机质的含量逐渐趋于稳定。无植被荒地土壤颗粒态有机质(包含fPOM和iPOM)中有机碳的分配比均低于20%,盐生植被湿地中该组分分配比在41.8%～75.2%,而农业开垦后相同组分分配比均低于54%。不同土壤有机质组分的δ13C值呈fPOMiPOMmSOM,且具有盐生植被湿地旱地无植被荒地的趋势。综上,黄河三角洲无植被荒地土壤有机质总量较低,主要是以矿物结合态有机质为主的稳定碳库,且受海源有机碳影响较大;湿地植被的生长增加了有机质总量,但同时增加了活性碳库的相对比例,对环境条件的改变更为敏感;玉米和小麦耕作降低活性碳库的相对比例,增加了土壤库的稳定性。     

不同生态环境对四川小麦品种(系)籽粒淀粉含量及理化特性的影响

为了明确不同生态点对不同小麦品种籽粒淀粉含量及理化特性的影响,对四川省27个小麦品种(系)在四个生态点(温江、西昌、崇州、仁寿)3年的籽粒淀粉总含量、直链/支链淀粉比例(直/支比)以及小麦淀粉糊化温度等参数进行了分析。结果表明,同一个生态点的小麦淀粉品质指标在不同年份间没有显著差异;同一性状在不同生态点间存在一定的差异,仁寿地区的小麦淀粉直/支比和直链淀粉含量显著高于其他三个生态点,总淀粉含量显著高于崇州点;仁寿和崇州地区的小麦淀粉糊化初始温度显著高于其他两个生态点,且仁寿地区的小麦淀粉糊化峰值温度和结束温度均显著高于温江地区。淀粉组成对淀粉的糊化特性有一定影响,且总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、直/支比与淀粉的糊化特性之间均存在显著正相关关系。不同气象因子对小麦淀粉不同品质指标影响程度不同,其中,降雨量、温度和光照时间对大多数淀粉品质指标有显著影响。     

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid–Extractable Micronutrients Status in Soil under a Rice–Wheat System and Their Relationship with Soil Properties in Different Agroclimatic Zones of Indo‐Gangetic Plains of India

Available micronutrient status of zinc, copper, manganese, and iron (Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe) in surface soil samples under a rice–wheat system collected from farmers' fields in 40 districts representing different agroclimatic zones of the Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) were determined. The selection of farmers, villages, blocks, and districts within an agroclimatic zone was made on the basis of a multistage statistical approach. In Trans‐Gangetic Plains, the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Zn ranged from 0.11 to 5.08, Cu ranged from 0.22 to 4.72, Mn ranged from 2.9 to 101.2, and Fe ranged from 1.05 to 97.9 mg kg^?1. In the Upper Gangetic Plains, the DTPA‐extractable Zn ranged from 0.04 to 2.53, Cu ranged from 0.06 to 4.32, Mn ranged from 11.1 to 421.0, and Fe ranged from 3.48 to 90.2 mg kg^?1. In the Middle Gangetic Plains, the DTPA‐extractable Zn ranged from 0.17 to 8.60, Cu ranged from 0.09 to 7.80, Mn ranged from 3.0 to 155.1, and Fe ranged from 9.22 to 256.7 mg kg^?1. In the Lower Gangetic Plains, the DTPA‐extractable Zn ranged from 0.04 to 3.46, Cu ranged from 0.21 to 4.38, Mn ranged from 9.54 to 252.2, and Fe ranged from 3.60 to 182.5 mg kg^?1. The intensively cultivated Trans‐Gangetic transect representing the midplain and Siwalik had more available micronutrients than the arid plain. Midplain and arid plain showed 17 to 20% of soil samples were low to medium in Zn and 5 and 8% were low in Fe. In the Upper Gangetic Plains, only 25% samples were deficient in Zn, especially in central and southwest plains. In the Middle Gangetic Plains, 20 to 30% of samples were deficient in Zn, and very few samples were deficient in other micronutrients. In the Lower Gangetic Plains, a majority of the samples were medium to high in micronutrients except in Barind and Rarh Plains where 30% of samples were deficient in Zn. In the Lower Gangetic Plains, the available micronutrients were plentiful. Available micronutrients increased with increase in organic C content and decreased with increase in sand content, pH, and calcium carbonate. These soils are alluvial in nature, and there was no definite pattern of micronutrient distribution with depth in the profile. However, there was more accumulation in the Ap horizon than in the B horizon.