苏北滨海盐土区稻田轮作的改良效应

分别以耕种两年的稻-菜和稻-麦轮作地为研究对象,并以邻近未轮作的滨海盐土为对照,通过田间试验,研究稻田轮作对土壤理化及生物学性质的影响。结果表明:各稻田轮作对土壤均有程度不等的改良作用,尤以稻-菜轮作改良效果较佳,且上层土壤改良优于下层。与对照相比,稻-菜轮作0～20 cm土层的土壤密度、pH值和全盐量分别减小了13.42%、0.94和71.48%,有机质、蛋白酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性分别增加了0.48、0.61、3.50、0.17、8.11、4.50倍,细菌、真菌、放线菌和微生物总数增加了128.14、13.83、1.54、24.66倍。因此,稻-菜轮作可以降低盐分,改善土壤结构,增加有机质,提高土壤生物活性,是改良滨海盐土的有效措施。     

外来树种在天津滨海地区的引进及在园林中的应用

综述了天津滨海地区引进外来树种的背景及背景和可行性,总结了外来树种在园林中的应用情况。指出外来树种丰富了该地区物种,增加了景观色彩,提高了生态安全。讨论了滨海地区近期外来树种的引进、应用等问题。     

建设冀中南经济区生物产业新增长极战略研究

在简述冀中南生物产业发展现状及问题的基础上,提出冀中南经济区生物产业发展重点,即不断提升冀中南生物产业发展战略地位,高度重视以石家庄为核心的冀中南地区在河北省生物产业发展中的战略地位,全面加强以石家庄为核心的冀中南地区生物产业新增长极建设。     

辽宁省海岸带木本植物属的分布区类型与地理成分分析

通过对辽宁省海岸带1 km内木本植物进行的统计,确定该区域共有木本植物40科75属127种,隶属于中国种子植物在世界上属的15个大分布区类型中的13个分布类型,占86.7%,说明辽宁省海岸带木本植物属的分布十分丰富,其中温带分布类型在辽宁省海岸带中占绝对优势,达65%以上;而热带分布仅占一定的比例,为20.0%。分析表明辽宁省海岸带温带性质占主导成分,同时具有明显的热带性质,起源古老。     

Spatial variability of short-term effect of tillage on soil penetration resistance

The effect of tillage on soil properties varies within field due to spatial variability of soils. Mapping changes of soil penetration resistance (PR) would be useful to understand and assess tillage practices to alleviate soil compaction. The objectives were to model the short-term effect of tillage on PR and its spatial structure, and to delineate homogeneous zones based on soil response in a Typic Argiudoll previously managed under no-till. A grid sampling for PR and soil water content (SWC) were performed before and after chiselling. Spatial analysis was performed on the effect of tillage on PR data by 10 cm layers and homogeneous zones were delineated by k-means cluster analysis. The effect of tillage was ?0.33 MPa in 10–20 and 20–30 cm layer. No differences of PR were found at 0–10 cm. Short range (5–7 m) spatial structure on the horizontal plane was observed in all layers. Only 45% of the field showed a marked effect of tillage on PR. Mapping the effect of tillage on PR would be a useful approach for evaluating the global and local response of soil to tillage, as well as for delineating of areas within field for site-specific tillage practices.     

Floristic composition and ecological gradient analyses of the Liakot Forests in the Kalam region of District Swat,Pakistan

Kalam Kohistan is a dry,temperate hilly region in the Hindu Raj Series of the Greater Hindu Kush Mountains with diverse forests.As plant distribution and composition is expression of a range of various environmental variables,ecological and floristic attributes of vegetation in the Laikot Forests were therefore evaluated via consecutive explorative trips.These forests have not been evaluated ecologically before due to harsh climatic conditions and issues of accessibility and the study in hand is one of the first in its nature.Quantitative ecological techniques were used to sample forest vegetation and identify species in quadrats of 2 m×2 m for herbs,5 m×5 m for shrubs and 10 m×10 m for trees.All the data of 195 plant species and environmental factors were analyzed via Two-way Cluster Analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis using PCORD and CANOCO software.Among 195 plant species from 63 families were 27 species of Asteraceae,the most-speciose family,followed by Poaceae(20 spp.).The dominant life form was therophyte(86 spp.;44%share),followed by phanerophyte(41 spp.;21%share).For the leaf size spectrum,most prevalent was nanophyll(73 spp.;44%)followed by microphyll(66 spp.,34%)and mesophyll(44 spp.;23%).Calcium carbonate,pH,potassium,sand,silt,organic matter,slope aspect and grazing significantly influenced species composition,distribution and habitat.The floristic variation in the region was diverse due to elevational and aspect gradients and thus devided into three zones.This vegetation zonation can be utilized for forest management,species and habitat conservation.Both in situ and ex situ conservation of threatened plant species may improve their conservation status in future if address properly.     

Organic geochemical parameters for estimation of petrogenic inputs in the coastal area of Kavala City,Greece

Background, aims, and scope  Sediments and soils in coastal areas are frequently polluted by anthropogenic contaminants as the result of both riverine or terrestrial discharge and autochthonic marine emissions. In order to determine petrogenic contamination in the coastal industrial area of Kavala City in northern Greece, a combination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and organic geochemical petroleum biomarker analyses has been performed on marine and freshwater sediments as well as soils. Materials and methods  Soils, freshwater, and marine sediments have been treated by standard extraction methods. The dried and desulphurized sample extracts have been fractionated by column chromatography, followed by addition of surrogate standards. Qualitative and quantitative data were obtained by gas chromatograph connected with a flame ionization and electron capture detector (GC-FID/ECD) and by GC linked to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS), whereas identification of compounds was based on EI⁺-mass spectra and gas chromatographic retention times. Quantitative data were obtained by integration of specific ion chromatograms. Results  The total PAH concentrations measured in the area varied highly, showing different levels from 18 up to 318,000 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw). Several PAH ratios, as well as the ratio of pristane (Pr) to phytane (Phyt), have been considered. Out of 39 samples, 22 revealed a specific distribution of hopane fingerprints indicating petrogenic input. Finally, in numerous samples, the ratio of 17α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane (Tm) and 18α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane (Ts) was calculated, as well as the ratio of 22S-17α(H),21β(H)-30 homohopane (αβC₃₁-hopane 22S) and 22R-17α(H),21β(H)-30 homohopane (αβC₃₁-hopane 22R). Discussion  Based on the specific PAH ratios, a group of samples was clearly characterized to be contaminated dominantly by combustion-derived emissions, whereas a second group of samples exhibited mixed influence from petrogenic and pyrogenic PAHs. On the other hand, the exhibition of specific hopane fingerprints in many samples indicates a direct petrogenic input. Finally, the values of the ratio of Tm/(Ts + Tm) and of αβC₃₁-hopanes 22S/(22S+22R)-isomer demonstrated an input of highly mature organic matter that has to be clearly attributed to petroleum-derived contamination, while the ratio of Pr/Phyt showed that most samples exhibited an input of organic matter. Conclusions  The coastal area of Kavala is strongly affected by anthropogenic contaminants. Petrogenic emissions were pointed out firstly by PAH analyses that separated dominantly pyrogenic contaminated sites from areas affected by both pyrogenic and petrogenic emissions. However, analyses of organic geochemical biomarkers revealed a much higher sensitivity in identifying petroleum-derived contaminations and were successfully used to differentiate several petrogenic contaminations in the marine and terrestrial samples. Recommendations and perspectives  Based on this study, it was recommended to use a complementary approach of source-specific substances to successfully characterize petrogenic emissions. Generally, a PAH-based source identification of petrogenic versus pyrogenic contaminations should be combined with petroleum biomarker analysis. PAH and biomarker ratios as well as individual biomarker fingerprints revealed a more comprehensive view on the quality and quantity of petrogenic emissions in sediments and soils.     

围垦对杭州湾南岸滨海湿地土壤养分分布的影响

在杭州湾南岸典型滨海湿地以空间代时间的方法,采集不同围垦年代的自然湿地土壤和围垦后利用土壤,研究了湿地土壤有机质、N和P的空间分布规律及围垦利用对养分空间分布的影响。结果表明,随围垦时间的增加,土壤表层全P含量表现为增加的趋势,围垦5年、25年和50年土壤全P含量比未围垦光滩分别增加12%、25%和76%;土壤有机质则表现为先降低后增加趋势,围垦5年和围垦25年土壤有机质相比未围垦光滩分别减少14%和50%,围垦50年则比未围垦光滩增加87%;土壤全N的分布趋势和有机质基本一致。对养分剖面分布的分析表明,围垦及其利用等人为干扰活动对养分的影响主要集中于土壤表层。相关性分析显示,土壤中全N含量与有机质含量呈现出显著的正相关,说明在土壤中N主要是以有机N的形态存在,而全P含量与有机质含量的关系不显著。土壤颗粒组成与土壤中有机质、N素等养分含量有较为明显的关系,有机质、全N与物理性黏粒(<0.01mm)的各组分都表现为显著或极显著正相关;土壤中P素与土壤质地的关系则并不是很密切。研究表明,围垦及其利用引起的土壤水分和质地等物理性质的变化以及不同围垦历史是影响湿地土壤养分空间分布的主要因素。     

农业气象灾害对我国粮食生产的影响——基于八大经济区的面板数据回归

随着全球气候变暖的加剧，气象灾害频发对世界各国的农业生产构成了巨大威胁。本文基 于投入产出理论，通过分析我国八大经济区域1997-2018 年农业生产状况的面板数据，着重考虑了农 业气象灾害对不同地区粮食生产的影响程度，并基于分析结果提出了相应的建议。