Effects of pressure treatment of hydrated oat,finger millet and sorghum flours on the quality and nutritional properties of composite wheat breads

Breadmaking achievement using grains alternative to wheat and rye is a challenging task for cereal technologists, since most of the available innovative breads are characterised by poor crumb and crust characteristics, slight flavour and fast staling. To improve texture, mouth-feel, acceptability and shelf-life of breads prepared by using minor and/or under-utilised cereals, gluten and/or polymeric substances that mimic the viscoelastic properties of gluten, are required. Recent studies reported that high hydrostatic pressure (HP) treatment may represent an efficient non-thermal technique to promote the dough structure formation of composite cereal matrices. In the present study the effects of HP on the techno-functional and nutritional properties of oat-, millet-, and sorghum- based breads were evaluated compared to their unpressured- and gluten-added conventionally made counterparts. HP-treated (350 MPa, 10 min) wheat, oat, millet and sorghum batters were added to the bread recipe, replacing 50%, 60% and 40% of untreated wheat flour, respectively. Data from bread analyses revealed non significant physico-chemical impairment, and superior nutritional and sensory profiles in most quality features when HP treatment was applied to dough batters, compared with conventional/gluten-added samples. Specifically, HP breads deserved better sensory scores and exhibited higher antiradical activities despite a reduction in specific volume (wheat and oat) and faster staling kinetics (millet and sorghum) that were explicit in some composite samples.     

Application and Regulatory Mechanisms of Cereal Diets Treated with Lactic Acid in Ruminants北大核心CSCD

近年来,反刍动物集约化养殖中为追求快速高产,常饲喂高精料饲粮,但随之也带来一系列的危害。乳酸处理谷物饲粮通过改性淀粉,可调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵,增加其瘤胃消化抗性,使更多淀粉进入小肠消化,增加饲粮效率,并在缓解瘤胃酸中毒方面有积极的意义。本文主要分析了乳酸处理谷物饲粮对反刍动物瘤胃pH、胃肠道微生物、生产性能、饲粮中磷消化率、机体代谢组和炎性反应的影响及其潜在调控机制,为有效利用乳酸处理谷物饲粮、促进反刍动物健康养殖提供理论依据。     

单倍体育种技术的应用进展

为了给今后西番莲等热带果树的单倍体育种研究提供理论指导,文章归纳了人工诱导孤雄生殖、人工诱导孤雌生殖、染色体加倍等不同单倍体育种培养技术的技术要点及发展现状,总结了单倍体育种技术在禾谷类作物、花卉、林木和果树育种方面的应用进展。同时指出,单倍体育种技术的发展有利于建立作物品种纯合系,推进遗传学研究,形成新的基因型,加快热带果树的育种进程。     

正交设计优选褐蘑菇粗多糖提取工艺

采用热水浸提法从褐蘑菇中提取粗多糖,通过单因素试验和正交试验法优选出褐蘑菇粗多糖提取的最佳工艺条件：料水比1∶30、时间150 min、提取2次、温度90℃。在此条件下粗多糖得率为3.06%。     

How well does Kirtland's warbler management emulate the effects of natural disturbance on stand structure in Michigan jack pine forests?

Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) forests in parts of northern Lower Michigan have been managed with 30 years of extensive clearcut harvesting followed by planted stand establishment in order to maintain habitat for the endangered Kirtland's warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii). We used two, parallel chronosequences to study how this management has affected the structural development of jack pine stands relative to the historically dominant disturbance regime of stand-replacing wildfire. Each chronosequence consisted of three young stands (age range 3–6 years), three intermediate-aged stands (age range of 12–17 years) and three mature stands (age range of 39–69 years). Average stem density in young plantations (2300 stems/ha) was lower than the average for young, fire-origin stands (11,000) and varied over a much narrower range among stands (1403–2667 for plantations and 1552–24,192 in fire stands). In addition, within-stand patchiness of stem density was also much higher in the wildfire sites for young and intermediate ages. Plantation sites possessed very little dead wood at young ages (averaging 3 snags/ha and 12 m³/ha CWD) compared to young fire-origin stands (averaging 252 snags/ha and 49 m³/ha CWD). In contrast, mature plantations had similar levels of dead wood (averaging 269 snags/ha and 22 m³/ha CWD) as mature fire-origin stands (averaging 557 snags/ha and 12 m³/ha CWD). Differences between the plantation and fire-origin chronosequences were driven mainly by young- and intermediate-aged stands, whereas mature stands were typically quite similar in all structural features. Our results show clearly that forest management aimed at preserving and enhancing the population of a single endangered species results in greatly simplified habitat structure at the stand level, and suggest that this simplification is perpetuated across the landscape as well. Of particular concern are the effects of extensive harvesting and planting on the availability of snags and CWD.     

Trichothecenes and aggressiveness of Fusarium graminearum causing seedling blight and root rot in cereals

Greenhouse trials conducted in 2003 and 2004 investigated the impact of trichothecenes on the severity of seedling blight and root rot in common wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum var. durum ), barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) and triticale (× Triticosecale 6x ) using two trichothecene-producing and two trichothecene-nonproducing Fusarium graminearum strains. In 2003 seedling emergence and survival following soil infestation of the trichothecene-producing strain (Gz3639) were significantly reduced compared with the trichothecene-nonproducing strain (GzT40), while root-rot incidence and severity were increased significantly. In 2004, two trichothecene-producing strains (Gz3639 and GzT106) reduced seedling emergence and survival ( P  ≤ 0·01) in eight of 10 crops/cultivars based on single-degree-of-freedom contrasts. However, when results from all strains were combined no significant differences were observed between two trichothecene-producing and two trichothecene-nonproducing F. graminearum strains. Inoculation with GzT106, a trichothecene-producing 'add-back' strain, resulted in more severe root rot symptoms in eight of 10 cultivars ( P  ≤ 0·01–0·05) and lower seedling emergence and survival in seven of 10 cultivars ( P  ≤ 0·01–0·10), compared with the wild-type parental strain Gz3639. The presence of trichothecenes may play an important role in the aggressiveness of F. graminearum .     

Performance of the Pseudomonas chlororaphis biocontrol agent MA 342 against cereal seed-borne diseases in field experiments

The bacterial biocontrol agent Pseudomonas chlororaphis, strain MA 342, was tested for activity against a number of cereal seed-borne diseases in a total of 105 field experiments carried out at different locations in Sweden during the years 1991-1996. Bacterial liquid culture was directly applied to pathogen-infested seeds of barley, oats, wheat and rye without additives. The seeds were then dried and sown in field together with fungicide-treated and untreated seeds used as controls. The bacterization controlled seed-borne diseases caused by Drechslera (Pyrenophora) graminea, D. teres, D. avenae, Ustilago avenae, U. hordei, and Tilletia caries, as effectively as guazatine + imazalil, and these effects were consistent over the years and over varying climatic zones. Diseases caused by pathogens like U. nuda, soil-borne T. caries and T. contraversa were not controlled and the bacterization gave less than full effect against diseases caused by Microdochium (Fusarium) nivale, and Bipolaris sorokiniana (Cochliobolus sativus). Bacterized seeds could be stored dry for at least two years without losing the disease suppressing effect of the bacterial treatment, when tested in the field.     

Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) Competition with Three Winter Cereals as Affected by Nitrogen Supply

Two field experiments were carried out in northern Greece during the 1993–94 and 1994–95 growing seasons to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) supply on interspecific competition between wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare =distichum L.) and triticale (Triticosecale). The presence of 140 S. arvensis plants m⁻² until early March (averaged over N levels) did not have any adverse effect on the dry weight of all crops. However, its further presence significantly reduced the dry weight of wheat and triticale, but not that of barley. N fertilization (150 kg N ha⁻¹ regardless of application time) slightly increased the dry weight of wheat and triticale grown without weed competition compared with that of control (0 kg N). On the contrary, the presence of wild mustard, until harvest, reduced dry weight of wheat and triticale by 31 and 26 %, respectively, while the corresponding reduction for barley was only 1.5 %. Furthermore, N fertilization (150 kg N ha⁻¹) increased dry weight of wild mustard grown with wheat and triticale by 10 and 16 %, respectively, compared with that of control (0 kg N). Grain yield of wheat and triticale was reduced to 26 and 27 % by the competition of wild mustard, respectively, while the corresponding reduction for barley was only 3.5 %. Moreover, the wild mustard presence reduced total N content of wheat and triticale by 20 and 19 %, respectively, but this was not the case for barley.     

阜蒙县谷子产业发展策略

阜蒙县是辽宁重要杂粮生产基地,而谷子已成为当地耐瘠薄、抗干旱的重要避灾作物。介绍阜蒙县耕地特点以及谷子生产现状、种植优势,分析当前谷子产业发展中存在的问题,从新品种引选、栽培技术优化、引进深加工业、健全市场营销体系等方面．提出促进阜蒙县谷子产业化发展的对策。     

Visual communication to children in the supermarket context: Health protective or exploitive?

In light of growing concerns about obesity, Winson (2004, Agriculture and Human Values 21(4): 299–312) calls for more research into the supermarket foodscape as a point of connection between consumers and food choice. In this study, we systematically examine the marketing of ready-to-eat breakfast cereals to children in Toronto, Ontario supermarkets. The supermarket cereal aisle is a relatively unstudied visual collage of competing brands, colors, spokes-characters, and incentives aimed at influencing consumer choice. We found that breakfast cereal products with higher-than-average levels of sugar, refined grains, and trans-fats are more likely to feature child-oriented marketing in the form of spokes-characters, themed cereal shapes/colors, and child incentives on cereal boxes. These forms of visual communication are consistent with a “health exploitive” pattern of targeted marketing to children in the supermarket setting. Only one aspect of visual communication is consistent with a “health protective” pattern of marketing to children—cereals shelved within reach of children aged 4–8 had less sugar per serving and were less likely to contain trans-fats than less reachable products. We discuss the implications of our findings for the measurement and regulation of marketing to children in North American supermarkets.