柑橘果实总钙、可溶性Ca~(2+)含量及Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性的季节性变化

以单性结实的龟井和自花结实的鄂柑1号柑橘品种为材料,对果实的整个发育期的子房(幼果)、果皮和果肉的总钙、可溶性Ca2+含量和Ca2+-ATPase活性进行了测定。结果表明龟井花前至花期子房总钙含量就已很高,花后趋下降,而鄂柑1号花前至花期子房总钙含量相对较低,花后有一显著上升;龟井可溶性Ca2+含量在花期及花后有一明显下降,而对应鄂柑1号在花后却有一显著上升;龟井花前至花期Ca2+-ATPase活性较高,花后下降,而对应鄂柑1号花前较低,花期即始上升;果实增大期内两品种果皮的总钙均趋上升,对应果肉总钙却趋下降;而果皮和果肉的可溶性Ca2+含量和Ca2+-ATPase活性在增大期内均有一明显增长过程或居相对较高水平。     

纳米tio2对贮藏期南丰蜜桔抑菌性能研究

以酞酸丁酯为原料,在无水条件下,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成纳米二氧化钛粉末,通过正交实验法确定制备纳米二氧化钛的最佳工艺条件,并利用XRD衍射仪进行结构表征.采用牛津杯法研究纳米二氧化钛悬浮液对寄生于南丰蜜桔常见菌类的活性抑制效果,并进行实证性保鲜实验,重点考察纳米二氧化钛对贮藏期南丰蜜桔的抑菌性能.所制备的纳米二氧化钛平均粒径为14.6 nm,实际平均产率为90.83%,RSD为0.86%.结论是纳米二氧化钛对贮藏期南丰蜜桔具有一定的抑菌性能.     

不同类型柑橘中黄脉病毒衣壳蛋白基因的保守性及复制水平

为研究不同柑橘品种对柑橘黄脉病毒(Citrus yellow vein clearing virus,CYVCV)变异的影响,将CYVCV毒株CQ01嫁接接种于4类共35个柑橘品种,对不同植株中CYVCV的衣壳蛋白(CP)基因进行分析,结果发现仅有少数位点发生了变异。运用RT-qPCR技术检测不同柑橘品种中CYVCV的相对含量,发现甜橙类品种中CYVCV的相对含量最高,墨西哥来檬中CYVCV的相对含量最低。植株中CYVCV的含量与其症状不存在明显的关联。     

Pathogenicity,colony morphology and diversity of isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Guignardia citricarpa</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. mangiferae</Emphasis> isolated from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus</Emphasis> spp.

In the present study, the pathogenicity of 36 isolates of Guignardia species isolated from asymptomatic ‘Tahiti’ acid lime fruit peels and leaves, ‘Pêra-Rio’ sweet orange leaves and fruit peel lesions, and a banana leaf were characterized. For pathogenicity testing, discs of citrus leaves colonized by Phyllosticta citricarpa under controlled laboratory conditions were kept in contact with the peels of fruit that were in susceptible states. In addition, pathogenicity was related to morphological characteristics of colonies on oatmeal (OA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA). This allowed the morphological differentiation between G. citricarpa and G. mangiferae. Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were also used to identify non-pathogenic isolates based on primers specific to G. citricarpa. A total of 14 pathogenic isolates were detected during pathogenicity tests. Five of these were obtained from leaf and fruit tissues of the ‘Tahiti’, which until this time had been considered resistant to the pathogen. Given that the G. citricarpa obtained from this host was pathogenic, it would be more appropriate to use the term insensitive rather than resistant to categorize G. citricarpa. A non-pathogenic isolate was obtained from lesions characteristic of citrus black spot (CBS), indicating that isolation of Guignardia spp. under these conditions does not necessarily imply isolation of pathogenic strains. This also applied to Guignardia spp. isolates from asymptomatic citrus tissues. Using fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (fAFLP) markers, typically pathogenic isolates were shown to be more closely related to one another than to the non-pathogenic forms, indicating that the non-pathogenic isolates display higher levels of genetic diversity.     

不同树龄南丰蜜橘根际土壤微生物群落多样性分析

采用磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）生物标记法,分析了树龄（嫁接后）1年、8年、15年和20年的南丰蜜橘根际土壤微生物多样性。结果表明,不同树龄南丰蜜橘根际土壤PLFA标记含量存在差异,呈现出不同的变化趋势,细菌、硫酸盐还原菌、嗜热解氢杆菌、放线菌等一些参与土壤物质循环的微生物类群的数量在下降,真菌、伯克霍尔德菌等一些适应于贫瘠土壤、代谢能力低的类群数量增加。8年树龄的南丰蜜橘根际土壤PLFA总量最大,细菌、放线菌PLFA含量高于其它土壤样品;20年树龄的南丰蜜橘根际土壤PLFA总量最小,其真菌PLFA含量高于其它土壤样品,表明土壤微生物量与土壤的肥沃程度相关,真菌比细菌更能适应养分贫瘠的条件。采用多样性指数分析,显示8年树龄的南丰蜜橘根际土壤微生物多样性指数最高,20年树龄的最低,表明随着南丰蜜橘树龄增长,微生物群落多样性与均匀程度皆出现了一定程度的下降。土壤酶活性分析结果表明,与8年树龄相比,20年树龄的南丰蜜橘根际土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸单酯酶与过氧化物酶活性较低,蔗糖酶活性较高。通过相关性分析发现,不同树龄南丰蜜橘土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌、原生动物各总PLFA与酶活性、土壤肥力因子之间存在相关性。由此可见,随着南丰蜜橘种植年限的增加,南丰蜜橘根际土壤的微生物群落多样性降低,根际土壤质量和一些关键酶活性出现较大幅度下降。     

Response of evergreen perennial tree crops to gibberellic acid is crop load-dependent. I: GA3 increases the yield of commercially valuable ‘Nules’ Clementine Mandarin fruit only in the off-crop year of an alternate bearing orchard

Worldwide, gibberellic acid (GA₃) is used routinely to increase fruit number and size of seedless mandarins. The efficacy of seven combinations of GA₃ concentrations and application times to maximize total yield and yield of commercially valuable fruit (diameter 57.2–76.2 mm) of ‘Nules’ Clementine mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) was determined in a commercial orchard. GA₃ applied during the period of intense flower abscission failed to reduce the total number of abscised flowers in both the light off- and heavy on-bloom years. No GA₃ treatment reduced fruit abscission when trees were setting the low yield off-crop. However, all trees receiving GA₃ in the high yield on-crop year had fewer abscised fruit than untreated control trees (P = 0.0188) and GA₃ applied 10 days after 75% petal fall and in July increased the number of fruit retained on tagged branches >20% compared to control trees (P = 0.0005). Maximum air temperature was not related to flower or fruit abscission. In the off-crop year (548 fruit per untreated control tree), it was necessary to apply 15 or 25 mg L⁻¹ GA₃ at 60% bloom, 90% bloom, 75% petal fall and 10 days after 75% petal fall to significantly increase the number of fruit per tree and yield of commercially valuable fruit (kilograms and number per tree) (P < 0.0001) above that of control trees, with no reduction in total kilograms per tree. In the following on-crop year, it was better not to apply GA₃: no treatment increased total yield or fruit size and five of seven GA₃ treatments tested reduced total yield as kilograms and number of fruit per tree (P = 0.0003). The results provide strong evidence that GA₃ efficacy is crop load-dependent and dictate that crop load should be considered when using GA₃ to increase fruit set or fruit size of mandarins.     

柑橘黄龙病菌在贡柑叶片中的分布分析

本研究从不同黄龙病症、叶片不同部位、不同树势三个方面综合分析贡柑叶片中黄龙病菌（Las）的分布。结果表明：（1）斑驳与均匀黄化是与黄龙病最相关的症状且斑驳黄化贡柑叶片中Las含量最高,缺锌黄化具有黄龙病阳性与阴性两种类型样品,无明显黄化症状但革质化的叶片中也含有Las且含量极高。（2）斑驳与均匀黄化典型黄龙病症的贡柑叶片中,Las的含量从叶尖到叶柄以及从叶片到主叶脉均呈现递增趋势,且主叶脉与叶柄的含量最高。（3）在感染初期顶端抽黄梢而下侧健康的病树中,Las的含量从发病严重的部位到树势强的部位呈现递减趋势。这些研究发现将为黄龙病症的田间诊断以及分子检测的样品采集提供有效线索,对黄龙病的有效防控具有重要意义。     

Leaf gas exchange and fruit yield in sweet orange trees as affected by citrus variegated chlorosis and environmental conditions

Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) is a disease caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. The most productive areas for citrus in Brazil are the northwestern and the northern regions of the São Paulo state, where CVC incidence is more severe. Additionally, these areas have the highest temperatures as well as significant vapor pressure deficits (VPD) and seasonal droughts. Environmental stresses are known to affect CVC-infected plants under semi-controlled conditions, but it is unclear whether similar effects occur in the field. The objective of this work was to evaluate the CVC leaf symptoms and environmental influences on fruit yield and size, and physiological parameters of healthy and CVC-affected plants (including both non-symptomatic and symptomatic leaves) in the morning and afternoon during the wet and dry seasons of 2003 in the southern, central and northern regions of the São Paulo state, Brazil. Increased VPD caused the stomatal conductance (gs) and CO₂ assimilation rates (A) to drop in healthy plants, but diseased plants had low VPD influences on gs, especially closer to the northern region and in leaves that were more symptomatic, confirming that diseased plants do not respond to changes in environmental VPD, corroborating several results reported in the literature. Although symptomatic northern leaves exhibited low stomatal apertures, the northern region had the highest air temperatures and VPDs, increasing the water loss in these plants, suggesting that towards the northern region plants face greater atmospheric and soil water stress. The fruit size of diseased plants diminished towards the north, while the fruit size of healthy plants must have been influenced by the tree fruit load. We suggest that CVC-affected plants suffer greater physiological damage if grown under environmental constraint, such as that found in the northern region of the São Paulo state.     

Characterization for yield, fruit quality, and molecular profiles of lemon genotypes tolerant to ‘mal secco’ disease

‘Mal secco’ is a serious disease of lemon and other citrus species, reduces lemon production, and limits the use of susceptible cultivars especially in the Mediterranean countries, against which there is no effective management system to control the disease. The objective of this study was to determine yield efficiency, tree and fruit characters, and molecular profiles of the selected promising genotypes in lemon breeding program to develop ‘mal secco’ tolerant lemon cultivars. After 4 years of evaluation, ‘Tuzcu 894’, a progeny of ‘Finike Yerli Yuvarlak’ and ‘Kutdiken’, was designated as promising genotype with high yield, fruit weight, juice content and low seed number contrary to ‘Kutdiken’ as control. ‘Tuzcu 8911’ was suitable for dense planting having the highest yield in CV. In addition, these two promising genotypes survived after many years being subjected to artificial and natural P. tracheiphila infections and harsh winter temperatures, which were attractive to the citrus industry. Molecular analysis, as assessed with 11 inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) primers, indicated that ‘Tuzcu 09 Aklimon’ and its selections, ‘Tuzcu 896’, ‘Tuzcu 897’ and ‘Tuzcu 898’, were distinct from the other genotypes with similarity value of 0.82. Genetic variation among the other lemon genotypes was low and some of the genotypes were identical. It was concluded that variations in the agronomical characters are mainly due to mutations.