土壤腐殖酸对毒死蜱水解的影响

土壤腐殖酸的VIS-UV光谱特征和E465/E665的测定结果表明,各种土壤腐殖酸的VIS-UV吸收曲线相似,但吸收峰强度和E465/E665差异较大,进而推得它们的腐殖化程度排序为:紫色潮土腐殖酸>中性紫色土腐殖酸>酸性紫色土腐殖酸>腐殖土腐殖酸,说明它们在组成上有共同的本性,但结构和性质差异较大。在此基础上,研究它们对毒死蜱水解的影响。结果表明,不同来源土壤腐殖酸均促进了毒死蜱的水解,但它们的影响程度有明显的差异。对于腐殖化程度最低的腐殖土腐殖酸,浓度为120mg L-1时,对毒死蜱水解的促进作用最大,而随着腐殖酸浓度的增大,促进作用却越来越弱;而对于其它三种样品,腐殖酸溶液对毒死蜱水解的促进作用随着腐殖酸浓度增大而加强,其中以腐殖化程度较低的酸性紫色土的促进作用较为明显。可见,毒死蜱的水解速率与土壤腐殖酸的浓度和腐殖化程度有关。其中,腐殖酸腐殖化程度的影响机理主要与腐殖酸的酸性和腐殖酸的吸附—催化作用有关,其具体作用机理有待于进一步从定性和定量方面去研究,以更好地指导毒死蜱农药的合理施用和污染土壤的修复。     

亚致死浓度毒死蜱和异丙威对禾谷缢管蚜试验种群的影响

禾谷缢管蚜[Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)]是重要的小麦害虫,毒死蜱和异丙威作为有效防治禾谷缢管蚜的杀虫剂,可以在致死浓度下直接杀死禾谷缢管蚜,其亚致死浓度也可能会引起禾谷缢管蚜生理和行为的改变。为明确亚致死浓度的毒死蜱和异丙威对禾谷缢管蚜试验种群的影响,本研究采用浸叶法分别测定了毒死蜱和异丙威对禾谷缢管蚜成蚜的毒力;并以含0.1%吐温-80的蒸馏水为对照,利用生命表技术分别研究了毒死蜱亚致死浓度(C-LC20和C-LC30)和异丙威亚致死浓度(I-LC20和I-LC30)对禾谷缢管蚜F0代和F1代种群生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,C-LC20、C-LC30、I-LC20和I-LC30处理后,禾谷缢管蚜F0代成蚜寿命分别缩短14.03%、36.04%、12.01%和26.86%,产蚜量分别下降20.55%、42.27%、17.13%和26.00%,均显著低于对照种群;与对照相比,C-LC20、C-LC30、I-LC20和I-LC30处理后,禾谷缢管蚜F1代种群的若虫期分别延长1.51 d、1.92 d、0.9 d和1.19 d,成蚜寿命分别缩短21.62%、33.68%、15.51%和23.14%,产蚜量分别降低21.81%、37.4%、14.51%和29.29%,且F1代种群的内禀增长率rm、净生殖率R0、周限增长率λ以及总生殖率GRR都比对照降低,而F1代种群加倍时间Dt和平均世代周期T均延长。本研究结果显示,亚致死浓度的毒死蜱和异丙威能够降低禾谷缢管蚜种群的发育和繁殖速率,对禾谷缢管蚜种群具有明显的抑制作用。     

基于3D碳纳米材料固载AChE应用于毒死蜱的检测

为寻找快速、可靠的农药残留检测新方法,利用氧化石墨烯(GO)良好的水溶性分散碳纳米管(CNTs),一维(1D)的CNTs和二维(2D)的GO形成一种3D新型碳纳米复合材料,该复合材料具有疏松多孔的结构,能够有效地增大电极的比表面积。用该材料修饰玻碳电极,并固载乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)制备灵敏度较高、线性范围较宽的有机磷农药生物传感器。采用循环伏安法(CV)研究传感器的电化学性质。利用有机磷农药对AChE的抑制作用,以氯化乙酰胆碱为底物,对毒死蜱进行了检测。结果表明:生物传感器在最优条件下,0.71~71.13μmol/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,最低检出限为0.23μmol/L,且传感器的灵敏度、稳定性及重现性较好,适用于毒死蜱的残留跟踪检测。     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chlorpyrifos in male and female cattle after topical administration

The aim of this work was to study the pharmacokinetic behaviour and the inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities of chlorpyrifos in male and female cattle after pour-on administration. Determination of cholinesterase activity in plasma and erythrocyte was carried out according to Ellman kinetic method. The mean baseline activities were 9338.39 ± 1331.61 and 13220.69 ± 2274.18 to acetylcholinesterase and 624.65 ± 39.32 and 641.68 ± 88.08 IU/L to butyrylcholinesterase in females and males, respectively. Acetylcholinesterase was the predominant form of cholinesterase analyzed, with low levels of butyrylcholinesterase. The basal acetylcholinesterase activities of the bulls were significantly greater than those of cows. The inhibitory effect of topical chlorpyrifos administration was lower on butyrylcholinesterase than on acetylcholinesterase. Chlorpyrifos peak plasma concentration (male:10.920 ± 4.18; female:12.12 ± 3.88 μg/L) were reached at 11.92 ± 9.19 and 8.17 ± 7.67 h in male and female, respectively. The values of area under curve were 185.96 ± 168.45 and 278.89 ± 270.00 μg·h/L and mean residence time were 13.95 ± 8.10 and 14.90 ± 9.80 h in male and female, respectively.     

气相色谱法同时检测青菜中毒死蜱和氯氰菊酯残留量的方法研究

为更准确、简便地检测青菜中毒死蜱与氯氰菊酯残留,采用气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器法(GC-μECD),建立了同时测定青菜中这2种农药残留量的分析方法。样品采用乙腈超声提取,过弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱净化,用丙酮/正己烷（1：9,V/V）淋洗,淋洗液水浴蒸发近干后以正己烷定容,应用HP-5毛细管柱程序升温分离,微池电子捕获检测器测定,外标法定量。毒死蜱和氯氰菊酯的线性范围分别为0.005~5mg/L和0.01~5 mg/L,相关系数（r）均大于0.99,添加浓度在0.1~1mg/kg时,平均回收率为84.2%～116.9%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.4%~12.7%,检出限分别为0.0002mg/kg和0.003 mg/kg。该方法简便、快速、灵敏,准确度及精密度均满足农药多残留检测的要求,适用于青菜中毒死蜱和氯氰菊酯残留量的检测分析。     

2株气单胞菌属毒死蜱降解菌的分离与鉴定

为治理环境中的农药污染提供依据,从长期施用有机磷农药的土壤中筛选出特殊细菌,采用细菌学、形态学、生理生化及分子系统学进行鉴定,以特异性引物扩增分离菌株的16S rRNA基因,经克隆测序后比对其相似性.结果表明:筛选出的2株菌细菌均为革兰氏阴性菌,均可产生接触酶,有还原硝酸盐的能力,能发酵麦芽糖、并使明胶液化,可在中盐环境中生长,2株菌为嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila).经克隆测序后比对,与气单胞菌属相应基因的相似性为99％,对毒死蜱的降解力为21％左右,为中等强度的降解菌.2株嗜水气单胞菌降解毒死蜱的机理可能有一定的特殊性,可作为清除环境中毒死蜱等有机磷农药的候选菌株.     

毒死蜱在苹果和土壤中的残留动态及安全性评价

通过田间试验和室内检测,研究了毒死蜱在苹果及土壤中的残留动态及最终残留量。结果表明:毒死蜱在苹果中的半衰期为6.9～8.0 d,药后21 d消解87%以上。毒死蜱在土壤中的半衰期为4.8～6.2 d,药后14 d消解87%以上。毒死蜱40%微乳剂以267、400.5 mg a.i./kg,施药3、4次,末次施药后14 d收获的苹果中毒死蜱残留量均低于1 mg/kg。推荐该药在苹果上的安全间隔期为14 d。     

尖膀胱螺对毒死蜱毒性的生物化学响应

以尖膀胱螺作为试验动物,研究毒死蜱对尖膀胱螺抗氧化系统、乙酰胆碱酯酶和一氧化氮合酶的影响.通过预试验获得尖膀胱螺72 h LC50为243 μg/L,推算的安全浓度为16 μg/L,正式试验以16和121.5 μg/L浓度组分别暴露尖膀胱螺96 h.在第24、48和96 h分别取材,测定尖膀胱螺体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量变化情况.结果显示,在推算的安全浓度(16 μg/L)暴露后,尖膀胱螺体内MDA含量和NOS活性在各时间段变化均不明显,而SOD和AChE活性在96 h被抑制;在高浓度组(121.5 μg/L),尖膀胱螺SOD呈现先上升后下降后又有所回升的趋势,MDA水平持续上升,NOS水平被显著性诱导,AChE活性则被显著性抑制,且在48 h时抑制作用最强.试验结果表明毒死蜱对尖膀胱螺抗氧化系统和神经中枢均产生一定的影响,提示尖膀胱螺可作为毒死蜱毒理学试验模型动物,同时MDA和AChE可作为毒死蜱毒性的生物标记物.     

Protective effect of vitamin C against chlorpyrifos oxidative stress in male mice

Pesticides may induce oxidative stress leading to generate free radicals and alternate antioxidant or oxygen free radical scavenging enzyme system. This study was conducted to investigate the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos toward male mice and the oxidative stress of the sub-lethal dose (1/10 LD₅₀) on the lipid peroxidation level (LPO), reduced glutathione content (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities. Also, the protective effects of vitamin C (200 mg/kg body weight, bw) 30 min before or after administration of chlorpyrifos were investigated. The results demonstrated that the LD₅₀ value of chlorpyrifos was 134.95 mg/kg bw. The oral administration of 13.495 mg/kg chlorpyrifos significantly caused elevation in LPO level and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including CAT, SOD and GST. However, GPx activity remained unchanged, while the level of GSH and G6PD activity were decreased. Vitamin C treatment to chlorpyrifos intoxicated mice decreased LPO level and GST activity, normalized CAT, SOD and G6PD activities, while GSH content was increased. We conclude that vitamin C significantly reduces chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in mice liver and the protective effect of the pre-treatment with vitamin C is better than the post-treatment.     

Resistance of beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to endosulfan,organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides in Pakistan

Field populations of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), from Pakistan were assessed for their resistance to the chlorinated hydrocarbon endosulfan, the organophosphates chlorpyrifos and quinalphos, and the pyrethroids cypermethrin, deltamethrin, bifenthrin and fenpropathrin. Using a leaf-dip bioassay, resistance to endosulfan was high during 1998–2000 but declined to very low, to low levels during 2001–2007, following a reduced use of the insecticide. Organophosphates and pyrethroids were consistently used over the past three decades, and the resistance had been increasing to these insecticide classes. Generally, the resistance to chlorpyrifos and pyrethroids remained low from 1998 to 2002–2003, but resistance increased to moderate to high levels from 2003–2004 to 2006–2007. For deltamethrin, resistance was very high during 2004–2007. Quinalphos resistance remained low during 1998–2006. Correlation analysis of LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values showed a positive correlation between organophosphates and pyrethroids, but no correlation between endosulfan and organophosphates or pyrethroids tested herein. These results suggest that the conventional chemistries should be replaced with new chemistries for the successful management of S. exigua.