Effect of ABA,arginine and sucrose on protein content of date palm somatic embryos

Abscisic acid (ABA), arginine and sucrose were evaluated for their effects on the morphology, germination rates and protein content of date palm somatic embryos (SE). Different concentrations of these supplements in the culture medium were used. The comparative study of SE length and thickness between treated and untreated SE revealed no differences, except for ABA (20 μM), which increased thickness. A decrease of water content (WC) in favor of an increase in dry weight (DW) was observed in all treated SE, especially with sucrose (90 g l⁻¹) and ABA (20 μM). Only ABA (20 and 4 μM) caused a proliferation rate of the cultures higher than those in the control. Although all the tested compounds increased protein content, ABA (20 μM) was more effective in protein enrichment than arginine and sucrose treatments. The SDS-PAGE protein profiles showed a significant difference between treated and untreated SE. A protein band of 22 kDa, identified as glutelin in a previous work, was accumulated after treatment with 20 μM ABA or 3 mM arginine. These findings may contribute to further understanding of the mechanisms involved in the accumulation of specific storage proteins in several plants.     

Effects of fruit bagging on coloring and related physiology,and qualities of red Chinese sand pears during fruit maturation

Red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) are particular to China. In order to determine the effects of fruit bagging treatments (including bag types, bag removal patterns and dates) on fruit qualities and to understand the mechanism of coloring of red Chinese sand pears, two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ were firstly covered by light-impermeable paper bags with different levels of light permeable liners during their early development stage, then, the whole bag were/not removed or only the outer layer of bags were removed 3, 2 or 1 weeks before harvest. Thus, the fruit were/not totally re-exposed or were under different levels of sunlight transmission (80.31% or 34.71%). Non-bagged fruit were used as the control. Bagging treatments significantly affected the concentration of anthocyanin and the visual qualities of pear fruit. Compared to control, fruit re-exposed totally for 2 or 3 weeks accumulated the largest amount of anthocyanin and fruit receiving 80.31% and 34.71% of sunlight for 1–3 weeks could synthesize a little anthocyanin, indicating that high light intensity is imperative for coloring in red Chinese sand pears. Bagging treatments did not affect contents of total soluble sugars, but decreased organic acids contents in fruit. In the second experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ and ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ were covered with only one type of light-impermeable bag during the early development stage and totally re-exposed after the bag removal 15 days before harvest. Fruit were then collected at different intervals to trace the time-course of coloring, and related physiology and inner qualities. With increasing time after the bag removal, the concentration of chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoid and total phenols changed little, but the concentration of anthocyanin accumulated extremely fast within 10 days after the bag removal in both cultivars and thereafter kept constant. ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ had higher anthocyanin contents and lower hue angle than ‘Meirensu’, indicating a higher potential of anthocyanin synthesis. After the bag removal, the sucrose contents and PAL activities increased gradually and correlation analysis revealed that they were highly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in two cultivars. This study suggests that anthocyanin biosynthesis in red Chinese sand pears is a highly light dependent process and modified by genotypes. Based on the current results, in order to obtain red Chinese sand pear fruit with attractive appearance and good inner qualities, fruit must be covered with light-impermeable bags at the early stage of fruit development and the bag should be removed totally at least 10 days before harvest.     

西葫芦银叶病发病叶片叶绿素代谢及其荧光特性

 研究了西葫芦银叶病发病叶片和叶柄叶绿素代谢特性和叶片叶绿素荧光参数的变化。与对照相比,发病叶片和叶柄叶绿素总量(Chl.a+b),叶绿素a (Chl.a),叶绿素b (Chl.b)含量均下降;轻度与重度发病叶片叶绿素a/b增加,中度发病叶片与对照差异不显著,而叶柄比对照降低。西葫芦银叶病对叶片Chl.b的影响比Chl.a大,而对叶柄Chl.a的影响比Chl.b大。发病叶片和叶柄叶绿素酶活性升高,从而使叶绿素降解加速,叶绿素合成中间产物Protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX),Magnesium protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX),Protochlorophyllide (Pchlide)含量降低,Uroporphyrinogen Ⅲ (Uro Ⅲ)含量增加,表明叶绿素合成在 Uro Ⅲ到 Proto Ⅸ受阻。发病叶片最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm),光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的潜在活性(F_v/F_o),实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ),光化学淬灭系数(q_P)降低,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)增加。试验结果表明,西葫芦银叶病破坏了叶绿素合成和降解的动态平衡,叶绿素合成受阻和叶绿素降解加速是导致叶片叶绿素含量降低的原因;发病叶片叶绿体PSⅡ活性受到抑制。     

不同西瓜类型果实茄红素含量的比较研究

采用分光光度法对33个西瓜材料进行茄红素含量的测定,材料涉及不同的瓤色和倍性。结果表明:在白瓤、橙黄瓤、金黄瓤、粉红瓤、红瓤和深红瓤的西瓜材料之间,白瓤西瓜茄红素含量最低,深红瓤西瓜含量最高,茄红素的含量与瓤色大致成正相关。其中深红瓤二倍体西瓜材料中S292、VS8-44的茄红素含量比较高,分别为6.372 mg/100g鲜重和6.350 mg/100g鲜重,三倍体材料中最高的是VS6-19,茄红素含量为6.684 mg/100g鲜重。同瓤色的不同材料之间茄红素的含量与倍性无关,与材料的基因型相关。     

稀土对南果梨着色及果实品质的影响

选取6 a生生长势与负载量相似的南果梨树20株,以300×10-6、400×10-65、00×10-6mol/L 3个Lenth浓度喷施(5次重复),每隔5 d采摘树体外围果实,每株3次重复,直至采收期(9月11日),分别测定其相关指标。来研究稀土(Lenth)对南果梨成熟期间花青素、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素以及果实品质的影响。结果表明:Lenth处理有效地促进了南果梨果皮花青素含量,降低了果皮叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,增加了果肉可溶性糖含量及单果重,降低了有机酸含量。Lenth最佳的施用浓度为500×10-6mol/L。     

不同类型甜菜品种根中Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性和产质量的关系

测定不同类型甜菜品种各生育时期根中Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性、可溶性总糖、可溶性蛋白含量和产量、含糖率。结果表明,在幼苗期和叶丛繁茂期,Mg^2＋-ATP活性呈先上升后下降趋势,从块根增长期直至糖分积累期,Mg^2＋-ATP酶的活性逐渐增强,并保持在全生育期最高水平。不同类型品种间存在差异,在各生育时期高糖型品种Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性较强。根中Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性与根中可溶性总糖呈正相关,与甜菜根的成熟进程正相关;Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性与可溶性蛋白质舍量呈负相关,对可溶性糖的积累方面,二者的作用刚好相反。高糖型品种的可溶性总糖含量较高．相应的根中蛋白质含量很低。Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性较高．     

云南陇川县水田甘蔗高产高糖种植技术

介绍了云南陇川县水田新植和宿根甘蔗的高产高糖种植技术。     

流式细胞术在水生生物DNA含量和倍性分析中的应用

利用流式细胞仪对鲤鱼、银鲫、黄颡、牙鲆等淡水和海水鱼类进行了DNA含量测定或倍性分析。通过几百个样品的测定和分析,认为流式细胞仪在DNA相对含量测定和倍性分析上结果比较稳定一致,可以用于大量样品的测定分析。同时对待测样品的保存、处理及上样量等进行了一系列比较研究,找出最好的保存方法、最简便的样品处理方法和最少的上样量。流式细胞仪在水生生物的遗传育种、种群分化等方面有很重要的应用价值。     

Tomato yield, biomass accumulation, root distribution and irrigation water use efficiency on a sandy soil, as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation scheduling

Florida is the largest producer of fresh-market tomatoes in the United States. Production areas are typically intensively managed with high inputs of fertilizer and irrigation. The objectives of this 3-year field study were to evaluate the interaction between N-fertilizer rates and irrigation scheduling on yield, irrigation water use efficiency (iWUE) and root distribution of tomato cultivated in a plastic mulched/drip irrigated production systems. Experimental treatments included three irrigation scheduling regimes and three N-rates (176, 220 and 230 kg ha⁻¹). Irrigation treatments included were: (1) SUR (surface drip irrigation) both irrigation and fertigation line placed right underneath the plastic mulch; (2) SDI (subsurface drip irrigation) where the irrigation line was placed 0.15 m below the fertigation line which was located on top of the bed; and (3) TIME (conventional control) with irrigation and fertigation lines placed as in SUR and irrigation being applied once a day. Except for the “TIME” treatment all irrigation treatments were controlled by soil moisture sensor (SMS)-based irrigation set at 10% volumetric water content which was allotted five irrigation windows daily and bypassed events if the soil water content exceeded the established threshold. Average marketable fruit yields were 28, 56 and 79 Mg ha⁻¹ for years 1-3, respectively. The SUR treatment required 15-51% less irrigation water when compared to TIME treatments, while the reductions in irrigation water use for SDI were 7-29%. Tomato yield was 11-80% higher for the SUR and SDI treatments than TIME where as N-rate did not affect yield. Root concentration was greatest in the vicinity of the irrigation and fertigation drip lines for all irrigation treatments. At the beginning of reproductive phase about 70-75% of the total root length density (RLD) was concentrated in the 0-15 cm soil layer while 15-20% of the roots were found in the 15-30 cm layer. Corresponding RLD distribution values during the reproductive phase were 68% and 22%, respectively. Root distribution in the soil profile thus appears to be mainly driven by development stage, soil moisture and nutrient availability. It is concluded that use of SDI and SMS-based systems consistently increased tomato yields while greatly improving irrigation water use efficiency and thereby reduced both irrigation water use and potential N leaching.