膜孔灌肥液自由入渗硝态氮运移特性试验研究

以KNO3为入渗溶液,模拟研究了硝态氮在膜孔灌肥液自由入渗条件下的运移过程.结果表明,在湿润蜂运移的范围内,沿着膜孔水平方向和垂直方向,硝态氮前锋运移速率受土壤含水量的影响较大,并随着土壤含水量的增加而增加;硝态氮前锋运移速率与运移距离有很好的相关性,并随着运移距离的增加呈幂函数衰减变化.硝态氮前锋浓度随着运移距离的增加而升高,其变化趋势呈指数曲线关系,且在湿润锋(土壤干湿交界)面上达到最大值;硝态氮前锋浓度随土壤含水量的增加呈幂函数递减,两者的相关系数也达到了极显著水平.     

DMPP mitigates N2O and NO productions by inhibiting ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in an intensified vegetable field under different temperature and moisture regimes

Vegetable soils with high nitrogen input are major sources of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO), and incorporation of the nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) into soils has been documented to effectively reduce emissions. However, the efficiency of DMPP in terms of soil N₂O and NO mitigations varies greatly depending on soil temperature and moisture levels. Thus, further evaluations of DMPP efficiency in diverse environments are required to encourage widespread application. A laboratory incubation study (28 d) was established to investigate the interactive effects of DMPP, temperature (15, 25, and 35 ℃), and soil moisture (55% and 80% of water-holding capacity (WHC)) on net nitrification rate, N₂O and NO productions, and gene abundances of nitrifiers and denitrifiers in an intensive vegetable soil. Results showed that incubating soil with 1% DMPP led to partial inhibition of the net nitrification rate and N₂O and NO productions, and the reduction percentage of N₂O production was higher than that of NO production (69.3% vs. 38.2%) regardless of temperature and soil moisture conditions. The increased temperatures promoted the net nitrification rate but decreased soil N₂O and NO productions. Soil moisture influenced NO production more than N₂O production, decreasing with the increased moisture level (80%). The inhibitory effect of DMPP on cumulative N₂O and NO productions decreased with increased temperatures at 55% WHC. Conversely, the inhibitory effect of DMPP on cumulative N₂O production increased with increased temperatures at 80% WHC. Based on the correlation analyses and automatic linear modeling, the mitigation of both N₂O and NO productions from the soil induced by DMPP was attributed to the decreases in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) amoA gene abundance and NO^-₂-N concentration. Overall, our study indicated that DMPP reduced both N₂O and NO productions by regulating the associated AOB amoA gene abundance and NO^-₂-N concentration. These findings improve our insights regarding the implications of DMPP for N₂O and NO mitigations in vegetable soils under various climate scenarios.     

基于高分遥感影像的亚高寒草甸土壤水分含量反演

通过高分卫星遥感影像计算植被供水指数来反演亚高寒草甸土壤水分含量,结合高分辨率遥感影像(GF-2)和中分辨率的遥感影像(Landsat-7)进行土壤水分反演模型建模验证,揭示高分遥感影像结合植被供水指数法在青藏高原东北缘亚高寒草甸草原上的适用性,同时分析研究区土壤水分分布及其影响因素。基于高分二号（GF-2）、Landsat-7影像数据,以甘南藏族自治州当周草原为研究区,利用植被供水指数（VSWI, vegetation supply water index）构建土壤水分反演模型得到研究区土壤水分含量反演图,通过半方差函数及主成分分析法探索研究区土壤水分空间分布及影响因素。结果表明：研究区土壤水分含量分布状态呈现出一定程度的空间变异,体现在整个研究区内以及各个地块之间,土壤水分含量主要介于0.11%~60.44%之间;土壤水分含量与坡度、海拔、坡向、NDVI、地表温度均呈正相关关系,分布主要受NDVI、坡向、坡度、海拔的影响。综上,利用植被供水指数法结合高分遥感影像监测土壤水分含量是可行的,基于GF-2遥感影像所建立的模型拟合度最优,较Landsat-7遥感影像更具优势。     

HPLC法测定磷酸替米考星可溶性粉中磷酸替米考星的含量

建立了HPLC法测定磷酸替米考星可溶性粉中磷酸替米考星的含量。色谱条件：用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂;以水-乙腈-磷酸二丁胺缓冲液-四氢呋喃(805:115:25:55)为流动相;流速每分钟1.0ml;检测波长280nm。替米考星在0.0516mg/ml～1.032mg/ml范围内,线性关系良好(r=0.9999,n=6),平均回收率为98.5%,RSD为2.0%。本研究所建立的方法专属性强、方法简便、准确,可用于磷酸替米考星可溶性粉的质量控制。     

日粮缺锌对猪血液生理生化指标及组织锌,铜含量的影响

用Ｃａ∶Ｚｎ为６０∶１、３３０∶１和５１６∶１的３种日粮分别饲喂３组仔猪１２０ｄ,对试验猪的临床症状和部分血液生理生化指标的变化进行了动态观察,并测定了试验猪１２种组织的锌、铜含量。结果表明,血液白细胞数和血清碱性磷酸酶,试验Ｂ组（Ｃａ∶Ｚｎ为５１６∶１）与对照组（Ｃａ∶Ｚｎ为６０∶１）之间有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）;试验Ａ、Ｂ组猪（Ｃａ∶Ｚｎ为３３０∶１和５１６∶１）被毛锌含量、肝锌含量和肝铜锌比极显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。这些指标对于仔猪缺锌的早期诊断具有重要的诊断价值。     

尕海地区弃耕地土壤可溶性盐分测定

１９９０～１９９３年在柴达盆地尕海地区弃耕地进行土壤可溶性盐分测定，测定结果，该地区土壤盐分组成为氯化物－硫酸盐和硫酸盐－氯化物，大部分地区耕层盐分含量小于１０ｇ．ｋｇ＾－１，少部分盐荒地表层含盐量高达７０ｇ．ｋｇ＾－１，牧草生长季节中，土壤盐分含量最低期在６月份。     

A model to assess the use of caecal and faecal inocula to study fermentability of nutrients in rabbit

An in vitro gas production trial was conducted using 10 Hyla rabbits to evaluate the use of caecal and faecal inocula in fermentability studies. Caecal content (CI) and hard faeces (FI) were used as inocula. Six legume and six cereal concentrates were used as substrates. Gas production was recorded 19 times at 2–24 h intervals throughout fermentation (120 h). The fermentation characteristics (degraded organic matter, OMd; potential gas production, A; volatile fatty acid, VFA; ammonia, NH₃) were measured by testing the inoculum and substrate (legumes vs. cereals). The inocula were different (p < 0.01) in OMd (818.2 vs. 799.4 g/kg OM for CI and FI respectively), A (255.0 vs. 267.1 ml/g OM), total VFA (67.3 vs. 53.2 mmol/g OM) and NH₃ content (21.2 vs. 19.8 mmol/l). Moreover, the significant differences in the (acetate + propionate)/butyrate ratio (5.02 vs. 4.09 for CI and FI respectively, p < 0.01) and in the branched chain proportion (isobutyrate + isovaleriate)/total VFA (0.044 vs. 0.031, p < 0.01) indicate that the inocula differed in fermenting legumes or cereals, but the equations for estimating caecal fermentation characteristics from those of faeces showed R² values from 0.673 to 0.975 (p ≤ 0.01). Our results confirm that in vitro fermentation characteristics of faeces were highly related to those of caecal content.     

肇东苜蓿对高温的生理响应

高温对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)产生伤害,使其生长缓慢,易生病害,以肇东苜蓿(Medicago sativa L. cv. zhaodong)为材料,研究在0℃高温胁迫条件下叶片细胞膜相对透性、叶绿素含量、抗氧化系统和叶绿素荧光特性等生理指标的变化情况.结果表明:随高温时间的延长,肇东苜蓿叶片的细胞膜相对透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量增高,叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化系统以及叶绿素荧光Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo呈降低的变化趋势.高温下生理指标的改变,可为高温地区肇东苜蓿栽培管理和抗热苜蓿品种选育提供理论依据.     

2个多年生花生品种低温胁迫下活性氧代谢特性研究

不同低温胁迫下对平托花生Arachis pintoi与蔓花生A.duranensis2个多年生花生品种进行的叶片活性氧代谢与质膜特性进行研究。结果表明,A.duranensis品种无论在超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)还是过氧化氢酶(CAT)相对活性在低温胁迫下均不低于或显著高于A.pintoi,表现出相对较高的清除自由基能力;其质膜相对透性(RPP)增加幅度明显小于A.pintoi;丙二醛(MDA)相对含量增加率则表现出相反趋势;表明A.duranensis具有更强的抗寒性。     

略论我国草地资源综合评价的基本内容

草地资源综合评价是以草地自然植被，生态环境条件，草地资源经济和社会因素等为特性的草地利用、管理、保护等综合鉴定，在实践中草地资源综合评价与农牧业生产紧密联系的，这对合理利用草地，保护草地环境起到了重大的作用，它推动农、牧、林业生产的持续发展。到目前为止，草地资源综合评价工作，无论在理论上和方法上还缺乏系统性的论述。本文着重从三个方面的问题略加阐述，以便将草地资源评价的研究推向一个高层次，促进草地科学更全面、更系统地向前发展，进一步丰富草地学内容