The effect of veld condition on the quality of diet selected by cattle grazing the Natal Sour Sandveld

The quality of diet selected by steers fistulated at the oesophagous was related to veld condition in a simulated rotational grazing system on the Natal Sour Sandveld. Six camps, ranging in veld condition score from 8,5 to 53%, were grazed simultaneously for a two‐week period in spring, summer, autumn and winter. Fistula samples were collected on the first, middle and last day of a period of occupation in a camp. Samples were analysed in terms of crude protein (CP), in vitro digestibility (IVD) and plant‐part (% leaf, % stem and % dead material) composition. Dietary quality in terms of CP, IVD and plant‐part composition was not related to veld condition but was dependent largely (P≤0,01) upon season and to a lesser extent upon period of occupation in a camp. It was concluded that in sourveld areas, where dietary quality may be limiting, the veld condition score may be a poor index of potential animal production.     

Production of irrigated Trifolium repens L. under a cutting regime in the subtropical region of Gauteng,South Africa

Abstract

The productivity of Trifolium repens L. cv. Ladino, under irrigation in the subtropical region of Gauteng, South Africa, is unknown. The performance of T. repens was determined over five years (1981/1982 to 1985/1986), at two defoliation frequencies, four levels of nitrogen (0, 400, 800 and 1 600 kg N ha^?1 ‐ total applied over five years), and either the removal or recycling of harvested material. Frequent, compared to infrequent defoliation, resulted in higher dry matter (DM) yields from the second year onwards. Dry matter yields were positively affected by the recycling of material, compared to no recycling. A mean DM yield of 191 ha^?1 in the first year and 12 t ha^?1 in the final year, was obtained. The highest DM yields occurred during October for all years and lowest DM yields from January to March. The first and final year showed similar peaks (late October) and troughs (March till April). Crude protein (CP) content of the herbage was influenced more by frequency of defoliation than recycling of material, where the highest CP content in any year was obtained from frequent defoliation. Nitrogen fertiliser applied up to a total of 1 600 kg N ha^?1 over five years had no effect on either DM yield or crude protein content. This study has shown that T. repens could be a productive pasture for at least five years in the subtropical region of Gauteng, South Africa. Productivity and quality of T. repens were enhanced by a defoliation interval of less than five weeks and when soil high fertility was maintained by recycled plant material.     

Characterization of Influence of Manure Handling System and Feeding on the Level of Ammonia Release Using a Simple Method in Cow Houses

The effects of manure handling system and feeding of dairy cows were studied using a simple method to analyse the level of ammonia release in cow stables. Two ratios based on the balances of ammonia and sensible heat, and ammonia and carbon dioxide, respectively, in animal houses were determined and considered to give characteristic levels of the release of ammonia in relation to the animal density independently of the ventilation rate. This required measurements of ammonia, carbon dioxide and temperature with hand-held instruments in the buildings and in outside air. In total, 34 dairy herds were investigated in the south of Sweden. The results clearly demonstrated higher release of ammonia from free stall barn with liquid manure than from conventional tie stall barn with solid manure. There was a clear effect of the content of crude protein, gram per kg dry matter, in the total feed ration on ammonia release in tie stall barn with liquid manure.     

“青大1号”紫花苜蓿叶蛋白提取条件优化

为了开发新的食用蛋白质资源,本试验以“青大1号”紫花苜蓿新品系青干草为原料,采用酸化加热法配合加盐法提取叶蛋白.单因素试验设计,分别考察料水比、加盐量、絮凝时间、pH、预浸时间、絮凝温度6个因素对粗蛋白质提取率的影响,并以单因素试验结果为依据,采用四因素（料水比、加盐量、絮凝时间、pH）三水平L9（34）正交试验设计进行提取工艺优化.试验结果表明：影响粗蛋白质提取率的因素,从大到小依次为料液比、絮凝时间、pH、加盐量.当絮凝温度为70℃、料液比为1∶10、加盐量1％、絮凝时间5min、pH为4时是叶蛋白提取的最优提取条件.     

混菌固态发酵玉米秸秆提高基质粗蛋白含量的优化培养及相关酶系活性的研究

[目的]研究平菇和酵母菌混菌固态发酵玉米秸秆提高基质粗蛋白含量的优化培养条件,并探讨基质粗蛋白含量与相关酶系活性的关系。[方法]以酵母种类(酿酒酵母、热带假丝酵母和产朊假丝酵母)、酵母接种量和酵母接种时间为因素设计正交试验,研究了平菇和酵母菌混菌发酵玉米秸秆提高基质粗蛋白含量的优化培养条件,同时研究了各培养条件组合下木质素酶系、滤纸酶和羧甲基纤维素酶的活性,探讨了基质粗蛋白含量与相关酶系活性的关系。[结果]正交试验结果表明在A3B2C1组合培养条件下发酵基质粗蛋白含量最高,达13.36%;在此发酵条件下,培养的第5～15天漆酶和锰过氧化物酶的活性也最高,而各组合培养条件下基质滤纸酶和羧甲纤维素酶的活性则无规律可循。[结论]混菌固态发酵玉米秸秆基质粗蛋白含量的优化培养条件为:在接种平菇的同时接种10%的产朊假丝酵母液体菌种。木质素酶系的活性与发酵基质的粗蛋白含量可能呈正相关关系。     

8个油橄榄品种果实性状及含油率的比较分析

[目的]为油橄榄品种选育提供理论依据。[方法]测定比较云南省永仁县8个油橄榄品种的果实性状及含油率。[结果]果实质量变异系数最大(40.79%),果形指数的变异系数最小(8.36%)。鲜果含油率最大的是佛奥(22.77%),最小的是小苹果(12.08%)。[结论]通过各项指标的测定,8个油橄榄品种的果实外部性状有着明显的差异,含油率较高的品种是佛奥、鄂植8号、科拉蒂和米提尼。     

拖拉机传动系密封性设计改进

介绍几种拖拉机传动系密封性设计改进方案。     

Influence of pre-treatment in citric acid solution on physical and mechanical properties of thermally compressed oil palm board

Oil palm trunk is an excellent raw material for thermally compressed wood board.However,improvements to dimensional stability during water absorption and reduced thickness swelling has been tied to losses in other mechanical properties,especially as the compression temperature is increased.Toward solving this trade-off,we analyzed the effects of a 48 h pre-soak in citric acid solutions(0,5,15,25,or 35%w/v in distilled water)on the physical and mechanical properties of oil palm board compressed at 140℃.The reference benchmark case was compressed at 200℃without pretreatment.The oil palm board raw materials were obtained from outer,middle and inner parts of trunk.The results showed that the oven-dry density of compressed oil palm board made from different parts of trunk increased with thermal compression(maximum pressure 12.26 MPa for 8 min).The citric acid pretreatment improved water absorption and thickness swelling properties of oil palm board thermally compressed at 140℃,consistent with the citric acid concentration.The carboxyl groups in citric acid cross-link with the hydroxyl groups in the wood.However,no significant difference was found between the benchmark(200℃)and pretreatments with 5 or 15%citric acid.The citric acid altered the wood chemistry during hot compressing at 140℃.Static bending strength,modulus of rupture(MOR),and modulus of elasticity(MOE)slightly decreased with the citric acid pretreatment,matching the effects of high temperature compression at 200℃.     

低温环境机械防腐补口装备构成与施工工艺

针对中俄东线天然气管道工程北段的冬季防腐补口施工要求,通过材料低温力学性能分析、结构优化设计、低温试验、低温电子元器件优选、机械式温控、加热元件高低温交变及国内外低温补口材料对比分析等综合研究,研制了适用于-40℃低温环境的机械化防腐补口装备,制定了配套的机械化防腐补口工艺和施工方案。工程应用表明:低温机械化防腐补口装备与工艺有效保证了中俄东线试验段及北段管道工程的防腐补口质量和施工效率,日平均补口30道,一次合格率100%。积累了大口径管道低温环境下的防腐补口施工经验,可为中俄东线天然气管道工程中段及同类管道工程的防腐补口施工提供技术支撑。     

美国红枫林下种植油用牡丹试验初报

本文对美国红枫林下种植油用牡丹的形态及产量相关指标进行了研究,结果表明,美国红枫套种油用牡丹对其冠径生长的影响不大;其余指标与乔木距离远近有一定的起伏,大多指标在离乔木200cm-280cm范围内有较高的水平,单株结果量低于对照50%、种子数量低于对照50%,种子的百粒重高于对照90%,单株产量和果荚角数与对照组差异不大。本试验初步结果也表明：美国红枫是一类比较适宜与油用牡丹套种的上层落叶乔木,且离乔木200cm-280cm范围内,比其他位置套种的油用牡丹的生长及产量更具优势。