高寒草甸优势种功能多样性对增温和模拟放牧的响应

为探究全球变化背景下高寒草甸优势牧草的功能性状与生态系统功能的关系及变化,本研究以高寒草甸的3种优势种矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis）、冷地早熟禾（Poa crymophila）和垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）为试验材料,采用国际通用的开顶式生长小室（Open top chambers,OTC）的增温方法模拟全球变暖,测定增温后优势种的功能多样性指标以及群落的生产力和稳定性。结果表明：中度增温对高寒草甸群落功能丰富度和功能离散度有积极影响,但降低了功能均匀度,而轻牧只提高了功能离散度;增温和放牧均会降低高寒草甸群落稳定性和地上生产力。高寒草甸的群落稳定性与地上生产力没有显著关系;优势种的功能多样性并不影响群落稳定性,但是与群落地上生物量是负相关关系,增温没有改变这种影响方式,轻度放牧会调控优势种的功能多样性以提高地上生产力。在未来持续气候变化的背景下,适度放牧是一种保持草地可持续发展的良好管理方式。     

分子构象场相变的闭路格林函数描述

本文CTPGF方法导出了分子构象跃迁的公式,并由此得到了分子构象可能出现的数量上限的结果。     

“至情”超逸传统意识的叛逆女性——《西厢记》与《牡丹亭》之比较

《西厢记》和《牡丹亭》都是反映封建社会青年男女追求自由爱情、反对封建专制的优秀剧作。通过将两剧时代背景、人物的生活环境及两位主人公的性格特征进行比较,显示出不同时代的特殊文化意义,展现了两位叛逆女性以“至情”超逸传统意识的思想过程及叛逆性格的深刻内涵。     

奶牛体型外貌评分与产奶量的相关分析

以西安市第二奶牛场选取的健康、泌乳正常的第3泌乳期奶牛为研究对象,随机抽取50头奶牛,测定其305d产奶量及15个体型外貌评分性状,采用相关分析方法确定整体评分及15个性状与305d产奶量之间的关系,以整体评分及15个性状为自变量,305d产奶量为依变量,采用多元回归分析法,经统计检验后,保留作用大的自变量,建立了"最优"回归方程。结果表明,整体评分与305d产奶量之间存在弱正相关,差异不显著;15个评分性状中,后房高度、后房宽度与305d产奶量呈极显著相关;乳房中隔和乳房深度与305d产奶量呈显著相关;利用这4个评分性状建立了估计305d产奶量的"最优"回归方程,通过对生产中30头牛的估测,并与实际测定值进行差异显著性检验(t-检验),差异不显著(P>0.05),表明该回归方程准确可靠;后房高度、后房宽度、乳房中隔和乳房深度是影响305d产奶量的最主要因素。     

ADD1基因PCR-SSCPs标记与猪肌内脂肪含量及背膘厚的关系

采用PCR SSCPs方法在苏太猪脂肪细胞定向分化因子 1(ADD1)基因第 347和 374位点发现单核苷酸多态性(SNP) ,分别为ADD1第 90和 99位氨基酸密码子的第 3位碱基 ,但这两个位点碱基的替换均没有引起氨基酸序列的变化。通过对 10 0头苏太猪肥育猪背最长肌中肌内脂肪含量的相关分析 ,发现杂合子AB肌内脂肪含量最高 ,极显著地高于AA纯合子 (P <0 0 1) ,BB纯合子肌内脂肪含量介于AB和AA之间 ,并有高于AA纯合子的趋势 (P =0 11)。各基因型间背膘厚没有显著差异。提示ADD1基因该位点上的PCR SSCPs可能作为选择肌内脂肪含量 ,而不影响背膘厚的一个辅助选择标记     

Effect of management, climate and soil conditions on N2O and NO emissions from an arable crop rotation using high temporal resolution measurements

Quantifying the nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) fluxes emitted from croplands remains a major challenge. Field measurements in different climates, soil and agricultural conditions are still scarce and emissions are generally assessed from a small number of measurements. In this study, we report continuously measured N₂O and NO fluxes with a high temporal resolution over a 2-year crop sequence of barley and maize in northern France. Measurements were carried out using 6 automatic chambers at a rate of 16 mean flux measurements per day. Additional laboratory measurements on soil cores were conducted to study the response of NO and N₂O emissions to environmental conditions.The detection limit of the chamber setup was found to be 3 ng N m⁻² s⁻¹ for N₂O and 0.1 ng N m⁻² s⁻¹ for NO. Nitrous oxide fluxes were higher than the threshold 37% of the time, while they were 72% of the time for NO fluxes.The cumulated annual NO and N₂O emissions were 1.7 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ and 0.5 kg NO-N ha⁻¹ in 2007, but 2.9 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ and 0.7 kg NO-N ha⁻¹ in 2008. These inter-annual differences were largely related to crop types and to their respective management practices. The forms, amounts and timing of nitrogen applications and the mineralization of organic matter by incorporation of crop residues were found to be the main factor controlling the emissions peaks. The inter-annual variability was also due to different weather conditions encountered in 2007 and 2008. In 2007, the fractioned N inputs applied on barley (54 kg ha⁻¹ in March and in April) did not generate N₂O emissions peaks because of the low rainfall during the spring. However, the significant rainfall observed in the summer and fall of 2007, promoted rapid decomposition of barley residues which caused high levels of N₂O emissions. In 2008, the application of dairy cattle slurry and mineral fertilizer before the emergence of maize (107 kg N_min ha⁻¹ or 130 kg N_tot ha⁻¹ in all) coincided with large rainfalls promoting both NO and N₂O emissions, which remained high until early summer.Laboratory measurements corroborated the field observations: NO fluxes were maximum at a water-filled pore space (WFPS) of around 27% while N₂O fluxes were optimal at 68% WFPS, with a maximum potentially 14 times larger than for NO.     

上海地区荷斯坦牛体型外貌与产奶性状的相关分析

体型外貌性状是奶牛重要的选种指标,是奶牛保持高产、稳产、健康长寿的关键所在。本研究的目的在于探寻上海地区荷斯坦牛体型外貌与产奶性状的相互关系。、随机选取上海市28个奶牛场总计871头第二泌乳期荷斯坦母牛作为研究对象,记录并测定其305d产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率3个产奶性状,体型外貌性状采用9分制评分结果．利用相关分析方法确定体型总分及7个体型外貌性状与各产奶性状之间的关系,结果表明,体型总分与305d产奶量、乳脂率呈极显著正相关（P〈O．01）;体躯容量性状和产奶量呈极显著正相关：肢蹄性状与乳脂率、乳蛋白率呈极显著正相关,与产奶量显著正相关（P〈O．05）;尻部性状与乳脂率呈显著正相关．。最终得出肢蹄、体躯容量、尻部性状是影响荷斯坦牛产奶性状的最主要因素,体型外貌鉴定评分对于筛选高产、优质荷斯坦母牛及选种选配工作具有指导意义。     

平原饲养的藏鸡体型外貌分析和生长模型拟合的研究

 对在平原饲养的高原型鸡种藏鸡的体型外貌和生长发育规律进行了研究，并利用Logistic和Gompertz两种曲线拟合了其生长模型。研究结果表明，平原饲养的藏鸡公、母鸡在4周龄前生长基本一致，但4周龄后公鸡明显快于母鸡；两种模型的拟合效果均很好，尤其Gompertz模型更佳；公、母鸡的生长拐点分别为75.69日龄和61.91日龄，公鸡的成年体重显著高于母鸡，但达到生长拐点的日龄较母鸡迟。     

荷斯坦奶牛 HSP 70-1基因多态性与热应激的关联性

为我国南方荷斯坦奶牛抗热应激品种的选育提供理论依据,使用 PCR-SSCP 方法,对327头荷斯坦奶牛 HSP 70-1基因编码区进行单核苷酸多态性检测,并分析其与热应激的关联性。结果表明：HSP 70-1基因在1112位点发生 C→A 突变,有 CC、CA 和 AA 基因型,其中 CA 型个体血清三碘甲腺原氨酸（T3）显著低于其他基因型个体（P ＜0．05）,甲状腺素（T4）显著低于 AA 型个体（P ＜0．05）,直肠温度显著低于 CC 型个体（P ＜0．05）;在3390位点发生 T→C 突变,有 TT、TC 和 CC 基因型。1112位点的皮质醇（Cor）及3390位点各指标基因型间差异均不显著（P ＞0．05）。CA 型个体对抗热应激的能力更强,1112多态位点可以作为提高奶牛抗热应激能力的一个潜在遗传标记。     

Development of microsatellite markers in sweet passion fruit,and identification of length and conformation polymorphisms within repeat sequences

The aim of this study was to construct and characterize an SSR‐enriched genomic library for Passiflora alata, a fruit species native to the Brazilian plateau and the eastern Amazon region. There is potential to improve this crop, as the fruit is attractive because of its pleasant aroma and flavour characteristics. Of 862 sequences, 391 (45%) were found to have SSRs. We identified 412 microsatellites: 69% were classified as perfect, 23% imperfect, 5% interrupted and 3% were compound microsatellites. The main types of repeat sequences were dinucleotide (62.5%) and trinucleotide (23%) repeats. It was possible to design 312 primer pairs, and 229 of them were synthesized and tested. The amplicons were electrophoresed using denaturing and non‐denaturing gels to screen for divergence between two phenotypically distinct parents of a mapping population of P. alata. Length and conformation polymorphisms within repeat sequences amounted to 35% and 28%, respectively. The importance of the development of SSR markers for sweet passion fruit and the effectiveness of the SSCP approach to increase the available number of polymorphic SSRs are discussed.