黑龙江完达山东部林区偷猎对野生马鹿种群的影响

2004年和2005年冬季，在黑龙江省完达山林区，通过实地调查、发放调查表和走访当地居民等方法，初步确定了该林区偷猎活动的主要方式及真对野生马鹿种群繁殖率和存活率的影响，并根据实际调查状况和存在的问题，提出了相应的保护和管理建议。结果表明：研究地区造成马鹿死亡的因素主要包括枪打、下套和下药，此外也存在狗咬、自然灾害和疫病等。在研究地区各林场的偷猎频率和强度各不尽相同，但高频率和高强度偷猎活动是引起马鹿种群数量急剧下降的最主要原因。     

Two genetically distinct units of the Chinese sika deer (cervus nippon): analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation

Chinese sika deer, Cervus nippon, are currently threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation and human hunting, which has led to the extinction of three subspecies in the wild. The remaining subspecies subsist in the narrow regions of Jilin, Heilongjiang, Sichuan, Gansu, Jiangxi, Anhui, and Zhejiang provinces. In order to design effective conservation strategies for the Chinese sika deer, we have investigated genetic diversity, population structure and gene flow in the Chinese sika deer populations by analyzing ≈995 base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region in 59 individuals sampled from the northeast of China, Sichuan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang. Chinese sika deer exhibited low mtDNA diversity and high gene flow among the four populations, and showed no strong geographical structure. The analyses of mtDNA variation among individuals of sika deer identified only two main phylogenetic groups even though three subspecies were sampled. These data singles out the Zhejiang population as being highly genetically distinct and worthy of separate conservation consideration. Therefore, it is recommended that a breeding program for the Zhejiang population be established.     

梅花鹿慢性氟中毒的骨病理学研究

对来自因１年前饲喂含氟量过高的饲料而导致鹿群慢性氟中毒鹿场的２头梅花鹿作了病理学研究。其主要病理学特征为全身骨骼多发性骨外膜性骨瘤形成，无氟斑牙变化。血钙０．１２５～０．６２４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，骨组织氟含量４９９×１０－６～１０６９×１０－６。病理组织学特征为骨外膜增生亢进，骨密质外层骨小梁异常增生，并在骨密质内有变性骨单位形成，而破骨过程微弱。研究结果认为，骨瘤的形成及发展是氟的持续作用所致的进行性病变。超微结构显示，甲状旁腺呈现机能衰退状态，甲状腺滤泡旁细胞则显示机能亢进形态     

Aspen persistence near the National Elk Refuge and Gros Ventre Valley elk feedgrounds of Wyoming, USA

We investigated aspen (Populus tremuloides)regeneration in the Gros Ventre River Valley, the National Elk Refuge and a small part of Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA to see if elk (Cervus elaphus) browsing was as damaging as previously thought. We conducted a landscape-scale survey to assess aspen regeneration across gradients of wintering elk concentrations using 68 randomly selected aspen stands in the 1090 km² study area. Forty-four percent of the stands sampled supported some newer regeneration that had reached the canopy. There were no significant differences of regeneration across elk winter range classification (p=0.25) or distance from feedgrounds (p=0.96). However, a multiple linear regression found that the concentration of elk was one of several important predictors of successful aspen regeneration (p=0.005, R ²=0.36). Our results suggest that stand-replacing regeneration occurs across the landscape at a variety of elk densities despite some trends of reduced regeneration under greater elk concentrations. We propose that high spatial and temporal variation and scattered patches of successful aspen regeneration characterize aspen persistence between periods of episodic regeneration and recruitment.     

半散放东北马鹿人工授精技术

人工授精技术的关键是母鹿的发情鉴定。半散放母鹿的发情表现分为 3种类型 :隐性发情、表现发情和发情 ,表现类型不同 ,受孕率也不同。发情母鹿的受孕率为 95 0 0 % ;表现发情母鹿的受孕率为 71 43 % ,隐性发情母鹿的受孕率为 5 0 0 0 %。人工授精输精率为 85 5 8% ,受孕率为 78 65 %。同自然繁殖的母鹿相比 ,受孕率提高近 3 0 %。     

基于RNA-Seq技术的塔里木马鹿毛色相关差异表达基因筛选及初步分析

旨在基于RNA-Seq技术对塔里木马鹿毛色相关基因进行筛选及分析。采用Illumina Hi Seq TM2000测序平台对塔里木马鹿和天山马鹿的皮肤组织进行转录组测序,所得序列经质控、组装后比对到NR、Swiss-Prot、COG、KOG、KEGG、GO和Pfam数据库中注释,并对差异表达基因进行筛选、功能注释和富集分析。结果表明,测序获得25 038个有注释信息的Unigenes,比对分析显示,塔里木马鹿与天山马鹿有922个差异表达基因,其中上调表达基因495个,下调表达基因427个;GO功能富集分析结果显示,568个差异表达基因富集到61个GO条目上,分别参与了生物学过程、细胞组分及分子功能;KEGG代谢通路富集分析发现,在差异表达基因中富集最显著的代谢通路是ECM-受体相互作用。利用实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）方法分析与塔里木马鹿毛色相关的7个候选基因的转录水平变化来验证转录组测序结果的准确性和可靠性,这些基因的表达趋势与转录组测序结果相一致。ECM-受体相互作用、蛋白质消化与吸收、PI3K-Akt信号通路及与黑色素合成相关的酪氨酸等通路可能与塔里木马鹿的毛色有关;候选基因MITF、Ggt1、VDR、PTPRF、CⅡTA、ARPC5L、POMC等可能在塔里木马鹿毛色形成过程中发挥重要作用。本研究结果为今后塔里木马鹿毛色相关基因的分子调控机制方面及挖掘潜在的新基因提供了丰富的试验数据。     

梅花鹿多杀性巴氏杆菌病病原体的分离鉴定及其荚膜分型的研究

以疑似巴氏杆菌病死亡鹿的肝、脾及心血经改良马丁琼脂平板分离培养后,进行染色、镜检、多种糖发酵试验、吲哚试验、硝酸盐还原试验、甲基红试验、V.P.试验及硫化氢试验、小白鼠接种、间接血球凝集荚膜分型试验,确定该病的病原体为多杀性巴氏杆菌。该株多杀性巴氏杆菌革兰氏阴性,发酵葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、甘露醇、半乳糖,产酸不产气;不分解乳糖、麦芽糖、菊糖、甜醇、山梨醇、肌醇、棉子糖、产生吲哚,还原硝酸盐,甲基红及V.P.试验阴性,不产生硫化氢,荚膜型为B型。     

鹿血的酶解工艺优化及其抗运动疲劳活性评价

对鹿血酶解工艺进行优化,并对鹿血酶解液进行液相色谱分析及抗运动疲劳活性评价.以氨基酸态氮含量、干燥失重为指标,研究动物蛋白酶的添加量、酶解时间和酶解温度对鹿血酶解效果的影响;以小鼠负重游泳时间、血尿氮含量、肝糖原含量为指标,研究鹿血及酶解液的抗运动疲劳活性.结果表明,动物蛋白酶的添加量为4g·L-1,酶解时间为6h,酶解温度为55℃为较优条件,此时氨基酸态氮含量为0.63 g·100mL-1,干燥失重为60.0％.高效液相色谱图显示鹿血酶解液色谱峰明显,而鹿血粉在该色谱条件下色谱峰较少.与空白组相比,鹿血酶解液给药可极显著(P＜0.01)提高小鼠负重游泳时间、肝糖原含量和降低小鼠血尿氮含量;鹿血粉给药可极显著(P＜0.01)提高小鼠负重游泳时间,显著(P＜0.05)降低小鼠血尿氮含量,但对肝糖原含量影响较小.鹿血具有较强的抗运动疲劳活性,鹿血酶解液的抗运动疲劳活性优于鹿血粉.     

Welfare of farmed deer in New Zealand. 1. Management practices

This review summarises research of management practices that potentially impact on the welfare of farmed deer. The processes of capture and initial domestication of feral deer caused many welfare problems but are now essentially complete in New Zealand. The health and production status of farmed deer, and readily visible indicators of their welfare are generally good, although preventive medicines and optimum management practices have not been universally adopted. Research into social behaviour, effects of yarding, weaning, mating, calving, shelter, shade and nutrition has identified ways of improving the welfare of farmed deer and has provided recommendations for deer industry quality assurance programmes. Research has identified transport design and practices that minimise the impact of transport on deer welfare and reduce carcass wastage caused by bruising during transport. Time in lairage prior to slaughter should be minimised and electrical stunning is a humane method of slaughter. Ongoing research is needed on management practices and farm environments to further improve the welfare of farmed deer, consistent with the goals of the New Zealand deer industry and its proactive approach to date.     

Optimal dose and timing in phytohaemagglutinin skin-testing of deer

AIM: To establish the optimal dose of the mitogen phytohaem- agglutinin (PHA) and the optimal time for measuring increased skin-fold thickness in red deer following intradermal injection, as an indicator of cell-mediated immune response.

METHODS: Three doses (10, 50 and 250 µg) of PHA were injected intradermally in the right side of the neck, and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was injected at a fourth site as a control, in 20 captive Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) hinds. Skin-fold thicknesses were measured at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 h following injection.

RESULTS: The highest dose of PHA tested (250 µg) resulted in a clear and long-lasting cellular response; increases in skin-fold thickness between 48 and 84 h post-injection varied minimally and response correlated positively with liveweight. No correlations with liveweight and no clear increases in skin-fold thickness occurred at the lower doses of PHA or the PBS.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This technique could be applied with minimal training and without specialised equipment in deer, for immunological and ecological research.