集体竹林认证经营机制构建的实践与思考

集体竹林认证是我国南方集体林区积极应对森林认证挑战、提高竹产品国际竞争力、扩大竹产品出口市场份额、拓展竹业经济增长新领域的战略举措。文章总结了富阳市永昌镇集体竹林通过森林管理委员会(FSC)认证的实践经验,分析了集体竹林开展认证存在的问题,提出了推进集体竹林认证机制建立的对策。     

区域生态认证指标体系的构建

区域生态认证(REC)指标体系的构建可以参照清洁发展机制方法学, 由REC申请人按照一定的规则设计并进行检验。REC体系的生态-技术-经济指标就是REC根据可持续的经济系统对资源需求的正反馈过程, 通过选择生态指标、技术指标和经济指标作为审核指标, 并使3类指标之间满足一定耦合关系而形成的认证指标结构体系。对所选指标项可运用多元回归分析方法进行检验, 对所设定的标准值可应用区域生态足迹的Logistic方程进行检验。     

Regulating sustainability in the coffee sector: A comparative analysis of third-party environmental and social certification initiatives

Certification and labeling initiatives that seek to enhance environmental and social sustainability are growing rapidly. This article analyzes the expansion of these private regulatory efforts in the coffee sector. We compare the five major third-party certifications – the Organic, Fair Trade, Rainforest Alliance, Utz Kapeh, and Shade/Bird Friendly initiatives – outlining and contrasting their governance structures, environmental and social standards, and market positions. We argue that certifications that seek to raise ecological and social expectations are likely to be increasingly challenged by those that seek to simply uphold current standards. The vulnerability of these initiatives to market pressures highlights the need for private regulation to work in tandem with public regulation in enhancing social and environmental sustainability. Laura T. Raynolds is Professor of Sociology and Co-Director of the Center for Fair & Alternative Trade Studies (http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/cfats/index.html) at Colorado State University. She has published extensively on organic and Fair Trade certification and globalization and has an edited volume forthcoming, Raynolds, L. T., D. Murray, and J. Wilkinson (eds.) (2007) Fair Trade: The Challenges of Transforming Globalization. London: Routledge Press. Douglas Murray is Professor of Sociology and Co-Director of the Center for Fair & Alternative Trade Studies at Colorado State University. His research and publications focus on global certification and regulatory initiatives, development, environment, and pesticide issues particularly in Latin America. Andrew Heller is PhD Candidate in Sociology and student affiliate of the Center for Fair & Alternative Trade Studies at Colorado State University. He is researching the impacts of certification on Guatemalan small scale coffee producers for his dissertation.     

Towards effective soybean seed systems in Benin: Current situation and prospects for production and delivery of good quality seed

Facilitating farmers’ access to quality seed requires proper understanding of the functioning of seed systems. This study aimed at analyzing soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) seed systems in Benin to pave the way for strengthening this sector. The research approach consisted of desk research, focus group discussions, individual interviews and validation workshop with stakeholders involved in soybean seed systems. Our findings revealed that despite the existence of an institutional and organizational framework, the formal soybean seed system is not at all functioning. Farmers mainly relied on informal seed system through self-saved seed and seed purchase in the markets. There is an emerging soybean seed system led by NGOs and farmers’ organizations. Current soybean seed systems are ineffective in timely supplying desired soybean varieties to farmers. Creation of enabling environment to attract private investment and develop local seed businesses is proposed along with new organizational arrangements among stakeholders. Farmers’ training in seed production, processing and managerial skills, as strategy to improve informal seed system, are proposed to strengthen local seed business. Farmers’ organizations have a critical role to play, as they serve as intermediary between their members and seed producers. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) could be exploited not only to promote improved seeds but also to ensure traceability in the system. Quality Declared Seed could be the most adapted quality insurance scheme in remote areas. The proposed arrangements among stakeholders in the seed systems in this study could be applied to legume crops other than soybean.     

中国有机产品认证与监管问题研究--基于云南省有机农业市场培育视角

基于有机认证与监管体系的研究以及云南省有机农业产业的调研基础上,认为中国有机认证与监管体系存在:认证机构违规现象普遍,认证与监管体系不完整,有机标识的违规使用,有机标准过严,认证成本过高,违法成本低,有机认证机构检查员的管理漏洞等问题。提出了地方政府相关部门对有机认证机构及认证信息等建立备案制,构建有机认证财政扶持政策体系,打造区域性特色农产品有机认证,以及在成立云南农业大学有机认证中心等建议。     

我国生态农业县、村、园区认证标准研究

阐述了制定生态农业认证标准的背景及现实意义,具体介绍了生态农业县的7类认证指标、19项认证依据、49个评分标准,生态农业村的8类认证指标、23个认证依据、53个评分标准和生态农业园区的8类认证指标、15个认证依据、39个评分标准,剖析了各自标准的优缺点,并提出进一步改进与完善认证标准的方向.     

中国生态农业制度的构建

中国生态农业的制度构建可以分为指导如何进行生态农业建设的农业绿色行动清单制度和指导如何认定生态农业的生态农业认证制度。生态农业认证制度主要考察农业表现出来的结果是否符合资源匹配、生态友好、环境保护和食品安全等关键判别标准。农业绿色行动清单则是指导开展生态农业建设时,对农业生态系统结构、功能、输入和输出实施有效调控的一系列可选择措施。生态农业制度的构建需要遵循原则清晰、指标简洁、因地制宜、操作容易、激励有效、核查方便的方法。文章论述了生态农业认证制度构建的指标体系、核查方法、信息公开、诚信记录、激励措施、认证程序等,还探讨了农业绿色行动清单制度的分类系统、内容表述、经济支持和运行程序等。     

云南省国外引种牧草、草坪病害研究Ⅱ、禾本科牧草、草坪真菌病害

 报道云南省禾本科牧草和草坪29种植物上46种真菌病害,其中:国内新记录4种,省内新记录15种,省内已知种新分布27种.危害普遍严重者如:黑麦草麦角病Clariceps purpurea,黑麦草根腐病Drechslera sorkiniana,臂形草全蚀病Gaeumamomyces graminis,黑麦草冠锈病Pucinia corona var.loli,牛筋草梭斑病Pyricularia grisea等.     

Brucellosis: a short review of the disease situation in Paraguay

A short review of the brucellosis situation, its control and eradication programs are presented. Data from over 1.2 milliom samples collected from more than 50,718 groups of cattle over a period of over 20 years (1979–2000) illustrates that over the last few years the number of individual reactors remain constant at around 3–4%. The percentage of reactive groups of animals decreased over these years, reflecting a better disease management and possibly an improved general education, handling of information on the immune (vaccination) status of animals and testing practices. Reported zoonotic cases are presented, as well as control and eradication programs, including utilization of vaccines.