棉籽壳中除草活性物质提取及鉴定

为了开发利用棉籽壳中的除草活性物质,分别以无水乙醇、正丁醇、石油醚和乙酸乙酯为溶剂,采用索氏提取法对棉籽壳中的活性物质进行了提取,并对各溶剂粗提物进行了除草活性测定。结果发现:用无水乙醇提取的粗提物对稗草生长的抑制活性最高,经气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用分析,发现该粗提物中主要含有甘油、三环己基3-烯-6-辛酮、4-乙烯基-2-甲氧基苯酚、(邻甲基苯酚)-2-溴-2氯-乙酰酯、十四酸、十四酸乙酯、十六烷酸、辛酸异戊酯和亚油酸9种化合物。进一步的除草活性测定结果表明,亚油酸、辛酸异戊酯、4-乙烯基-2-甲氧基苯酚和(邻甲基苯酚)-2-溴-2氯-乙酰酯4种化合物对稗草表现出一定的除草活性,其中亚油酸活性最强,其IC₅₀值为14.5 mg/L。     

不同光照条件对脱镁叶绿酸钠光敏抑菌活性的影响

脱镁叶绿酸钠是叶绿素代谢中间产物脱镁叶绿酸a的水溶性钠盐,具有良好的光敏抑菌活性。为探索光照条件对其抑菌活性的影响,采用菌丝生长速率法,研究在不同光照度、光波长及光照时间条件下,脱镁叶绿酸钠对忽视拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis neglecta的抑制作用。结果表明:20 mg/mL的脱镁叶绿酸钠在照度为2 000 lx的白光照射下对菌丝生长的抑制率为83.7%,在黑暗条件下抑制率为77.0%,表明光照对脱镁叶绿酸钠抑菌活性有显著影响 (P < 0.05);此外,白光的效果好于单色光;光照度及光照时间对抑菌活性也有显著影响,其中当照度为16 000 lx且光照时间为24 h时抑菌作用最强。     

青霉菌发酵液对大豆幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

采用室内生理检测及生物化学方法,研究了青霉菌发酵液对大豆幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:用一定浓度的青霉菌发酵液对大豆浸种和茎叶处理,大豆幼苗的生长呈明显上升趋势,处理后大豆的株高、根长、株鲜重和根鲜重均明显得到了提高,且生长状态好于对照,不同浓度处理间具有明显差异,在发酵液浓度为5 g·L-1时,效果最佳。尤其是对根鲜重的影响,促进率最高可达56.21%,同时增强了幼苗根系活力,最大可以提高57.82%,浸种和茎叶处理后,分别提高了叶绿素含量41.25%和15.40%;超氧化物歧化酶活性12.20%和11.70%;过氧化物酶31.33%和29.95%;过氧化氢酶活性42.8%和20.0%,这为发酵液在大豆田推广应用、提高大豆产量提供了重要理论依据。     

Uneven ripening in ‘Bangalore blue’ grape (Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca) berries in India is linked to seed viability

Uneven ripening (UR) is a physiological disorder of unknown origin in ‘Bangalore blue’ grape (Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca) leading to wine of inferior quality. A preliminary study found wide variations in total dehydrogenase activity (TDH) of seeds from unevenly ripe berries. In our experiments, gibberellin (GA₃) applied to young grapes increased seed TDH activity and reduced the incidence of uneven ripening to 2% compared with 35% in the control. In contrast, paclobutrazol (PBZ) decreased TDH activity and increased the incidence of the disorder to 58%. GA₃-treated berries had higher concentrations of sucrose and TDH activity in seed representing mature seeds with high viability. In contrast, PBZ-treated and control berries had higher concentrations of glucose and lower TDH activity, indicating immature seeds with low viability. These results suggested that competition among developing berries can lead to differences in seed gibberellin content, seed viability and the rate of berry growth resulting in green, purple, and black berries at harvest. The study established the role of seed viability in uneven ripening and demonstrated that the incidence of the disorder is reduced by the application of GA₃ to immature berries.     

Effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematode community structure and metabolic footprints in soybean phase of a soybean-maize rotation on Mollisols

It has been well documented that organic amendment affects soil nematode community structure. However, little is known about the effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematodes. To assess the effect of the amount of organic amendments on soil nematode community structure and metabolic activity, the community composition, abundance, and metabolic footprints of soil nematodes were determined in a long-term field experiment with various amounts of organic amendment in Northeast China. Fertilization treatments included an unfertilized control (CK), chemical fertilizer without manure amendment (OM₀), manure applied at 7.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₁), and manure applied at 22.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₂). A total of 46 nematode genera were found. Treatments with the largest amount of organic amendment had the smallest number of plant parasite genera (5), but a largest number of dominant genera (7). Soil nematodes, bacterivores, and fungivores were the most abundant in OM₂, followed by OM₁, and the lowest in OM₀ and CK. Organic amendment increased the enrichment index (EI), and the large amount of organic amendment increased the metabolic footprints of bacterivore (Baf) and fungivore (Fuf) and enrichment footprint (Ef). The relationships between Baf (or Fuf) and the increases in soil organic carbon (ΔSOC) and total nitrogen (ΔTN) were stronger than those of bacterivore (or fungivore) abundance with ΔSOC and ΔTN, except for the relationship between bacterivore abundance and ΔSOC. The EI and Ef were positively correlated with ΔSOC and ΔTN. These findings suggest that the amount of organic amendment affects soil nematode activity and function at entry levels in soil food web, and that metabolic footprints of soil nematodes may be better indicators than their abundances in assessing their relationships with soil nutrients.     

Study of the Structure–Activity Relationship of an Anti-Dormant Mycobacterial Substance 3-(Phenethylamino)Demethyl(oxy)aaptamine to Create a Probe Molecule for Detecting Its Target Protein

The current tuberculosis treatment regimen is long and complex, and its failure leads to relapse and emergence of drug resistance. One of the major reasons underlying the extended chemotherapeutic regimen is the ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to attain a dormant state. Therefore, the identification of new lead compounds with chemical structures different from those of conventional anti-tuberculosis drugs is essential. The compound 3-(phenethylamino)demethyl(oxy)aaptamine (PDOA, 1), isolated from marine sponge of Aaptos sp., is known as an anti-dormant mycobacterial substance, and has been reported to be effective against the drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. However, its target protein still remains unclear. This study aims to clarify the structure–activity relationship of 1 using 15 synthetic analogues, in order to prepare a probe molecule for detecting the target protein of 1. We succeeded in creating the compound 15 with a photoaffinity group that retained antimicrobial activity, which proved to be a suitable probe molecule for identifying the target protein of 1.     

Chitosan-Based Films with 2-Aminothiophene Derivative: Formulation,Characterization and Potential Antifungal Activity

In this study, films of chitosan and 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile (6CN), a 2-aminothiophene derivative with great pharmacological potential, were prepared as a system for a topical formulation. 6CN-chitosan films were characterized by physicochemical analyses, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the antifungal potential of the films was evaluated in vitro against three species of Candida (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis). The results of the FTIR and thermal analysis showed the incorporation of 6CN in the polymer matrix. In the diffractogram, the 6CN-chitosan films exhibited diffraction halos that were characteristic of amorphous structures, while the micrographs showed that 6CN particles were dispersed in the chitosan matrix, exhibiting pores and cracks on the film surface. In addition, the results of antifungal investigation demonstrated that 6CN-chitosan films were effective against Candida species showing potential for application as a new antifungal drug.     

产紫丁香苷内生真菌CJ7的鉴定及发酵条件研究

为高效利用刺五加内生真菌资源,推动紫丁香苷的生产,采用HPLC法,以紫丁香苷为对照,分析内生真菌CJ7的次生代谢产物;采用琼脂糖扩散法,对内生真菌CJ7进行抑菌活性分析,并采用单因素实验及正交实验法对内生真菌CJ7发酵条件进行优选;采用形态学观察及ITS序列分析法对内生真菌CJ7进行菌种鉴定。结果表明,在内生真菌CJ7发酵液中含有紫丁香苷。抑菌活性实验结果表明,内生真菌CJ7对10种致病菌均有较好的抑制作用,尤其对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌效果较为明显。经优化,CJ7的最佳发酵工艺为培养基中葡萄糖质量浓度2.5%,牛肉膏质量浓度2.0%,初始pH 7.0,装液量40%,接种量2%,培养8天,摇床转数120 r/min,发酵温度28℃。经鉴定,内生真菌CJ7为产烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)。上述研究说明,内生真菌CJ7为紫丁香苷产生菌。研究结果可为采用微生物发酵法生产紫丁香苷提供参考。     

黄花蒿叶醇提取物除草活性物质的分离及结构鉴定

为明确黄花蒿除草活性及活性物质的成分,本研究采用室内生测法测定了黄花蒿叶醇提物对4种杂草的活性;采用系统溶剂分离、硅胶柱层析分离及气质联用色谱法对提取物进行了分离和结构鉴定.结果 表明:5.0 mg/mL的黄花蒿叶醇提物对供试杂草发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均有一定的抑制作用,抑制作用从大到小的顺序为反枝苋,苘麻,狗尾草,...     

大豆蛋白的小分子酶解产物抗氧化活性研究

以低温冷轧豆粕为原料、大豆分离蛋白为反应底物,进行酶水解反应,酶解产物经离子交换层析,凝胶排阻层析等方法分离,获得了平均分子量为800 D的小分子活性肽(SBP),用邻苯三酚自氧化法测定其抗氧化性。结果表明:此类小分子活性肽对邻苯三酚(PR)自氧化具有较好的抑制作用(1 mg/mL SBP的抑制率为33.3%)。与谷胱甘肽(GSH)进行比较,二者具有相似的抗氧化活性。