A comparison between marine and terrestrial invertebrate meals for mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) diets: Impact on growth,haematology and health

Invertebrate meals (e.g. polychaetes and insects) present novel and sustainable high‐quality nutrient sources for use in fish feed formulations. To test this innovative source, an eleven‐week feeding trial was conducted evaluating the effects of replacing the fishmeal (FM) component as an example of a superior protein source (FM CTRL) with ragworm meal (RW, Nereis virens) and/or silkworm pupae (SWP, Bombyx mori) in mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) diets. Three experimental diets with partial replacement of FM (diets: RW + FM, SWP + FM and RW + SWP + FM) were formulated. All diets were formulated to be iso‐nitrogenous, iso‐lipidic and iso‐energetic. Growth performance and feed utilization indices were assessed, and the feeding trial concluded with the analysis of haematological parameters to provide an indication of carp physiological and health status. Mean weight gain was greatest in mirror carp fed RW + FM (60.83 fish^?1 day^?1; P < 0.05 vs. all other diets) followed by SWP + FM (40.62 g fish^?1 day^?1; P < 0.05 vs. all other diets). The least weight gain was achieved in fish fed FM + SWP + RW+ and FM CTRL (34.34 and 33.96 g fish^?1 day^?1, respectively; not significantly different from each other). Fish fed on RW + FM diet had significantly lower plasma ammonia concentrations than any other dietary groups (P = 0.04). Mirror carp fed on SWP + FM diet (111.52 units mL^?1) were observed to have a marked enhancement in alternative complement activity than FM CTRL (79.21 units mL^?1, P = 0.041). Both ragworm and silkworm pupae meal present attractive sustainable functional feed component in carp diets, with benefits on enhancing growth performance and specific physiological parameters.     

Dietary essentiality of ascorbic acid in rohu larvae: Quantification with ascorbic acid enriched zooplankton

Carp larvae, like any other fish larvae dependon natural food during first few days of theirlife. In nursery conditions, high mortality andslow larval growth are of common occurrence;sub-optimal nutrition might be a possiblereason for such consequences. To improve thesituation the effect of feeding ascorbicacid-enriched live food on survival, growth,tissue biochemical composition includingascorbate level was evaluated in first feeding(3 days old) larvae (av. wt. 2.2 mg) of therohu carp, Labeo rohita (Ham.) for aperiod of 15 days (temp. 28.6 ± 1 °C)under natural photoperiod. The larvae (stockingdensity 10 l^–1) were offered enriched andnon-enriched zooplankton ad libitumfollowing a rigid schedule with four feedingregimes, each having 3 replicates. In treatmentT₁, non-enriched zooplankton (Moina,Daphnia, Cyclops, Diaptomus) and in T₂,T₃, T₄ ascorbic acid enriched (12 henrichment) zooplankton [@10%, 20% and 30%ascorbyl palmitate (AP) inclusion in diet ofzooplankton] were offered. Highest survival(90%) and growth (9563% live weight gain)could be seen in T₃ group and the lowestin T₁ (62% survival and 805% live weightgain), thus confirming the dietary essentialityof ascorbic acid for rohu larvae. Therequirement has been shown to be 1409 µg/gdry diet. Whole body tissue analyses for crudeprotein, total lipid and RNA: DNA ratiofollowed the same trend as that of growthresponse and percent survival. Significantpositive correlation (r = 0.949 and 0.861) couldbe found with muscle RNA/DNA ratio and muscleRNA content with specific growth rate indifferent treatments. Significant differencewas found in tissue ascorbate levels betweenenriched plankton fed groups, being highest in T₃. Such live foodmediated vitamin transfer might be an effectivemeans to provide higher plane of nutrition forhigh survival and rapid growth for rohu larva.     

Growth patterns of reed (Phragmites australis): the development of reed stands in carp ponds

Reed stands exhibit apparent differences of stem diameter, shoot length, density, and invasiveness. In carp ponds, five characteristic growth patterns can be distinguished. These growth patterns are ontogenetic states of a time-dependent stand development. Invasive reeds with short shoots are found in newly occupied habitats. With continuing establishment of the stand, the shoots in the inner regions become taller and fewer, a growth pattern described as central reed. Later, only a few shoots with thick stems remain. Two alternative pathways of stand development exist: steep shore reed and reed tussocks. By mowing, the directional development of reed stands can be turned into a circulation of growth patterns. The growth patterns have implications for the selection of reed stand areas for conservation purposes.     

草鱼、鲤、鲢、鳙和尼罗非鲫脂肪酶活性的比较研究

草鱼和鲤肝胰脏脂肪酶活性明显比肠道的高(P<0.025);鲢和鳙肝胰脏脂肪酶活性明显低于肠道的(P<0.025);尼罗非鲫肝胰脏和肠的脂肪酶活性几乎相等(P>0.05),而胃脂肪酶活性明显比肝胰脏和肠道的低(P<0.005)。五种鱼的肝胰脏脂肪酶活性由高到低的顺序为:草鱼>尼罗非鲫>鲤>鳙>鲢;肠脂肪酶活性由高到低的顺序为:鲢>鳙>尼罗非鲫>草鱼>鲤。结果表明:鱼类的食性与脂肪酶活性无明显相关。草鱼、鲢和鳙的肠脂肪酶活性,中肠略高于前肠和后肠;尼罗非鲫和鲤的肠脂肪酶活性由前往后逐渐下降。     

从江县鲤爆发性死亡病例实验室诊断

2018年10月贵州省从江县某水产养殖专业合作社鲤爆发死亡,本研究对死亡病例进行了流行病学调查、病理学观察、寄生虫学检查、细菌分离鉴定和病毒PCR检测等诊断。结果显示:病鲤病变以鳃丝溃烂、体表出血、肛门红肿和眼球凹陷为主要特征,组织的主要病变是肾小球萎缩出血、肾小囊空腔、鳃丝肿胀粘连及上皮细胞脱落等;细菌分离培养可得到圆形凸起、表面光滑的灰白色菌落,经染色镜检、生理生化鉴定和16S rRNA基因测序分析,鉴定该分离菌为嗜水气单胞菌;PCR检测显示鲤浮肿病毒(Carp edema virus,CEV)为阳性,未检出鲤春病毒血症病毒(Spring viremia of carp virus,SVCV)和鲤疱疹病毒(Koi herpesvirus,KHV);显微镜观察亦未见到寄生虫虫体;分别取分离菌和鲤浮肿病毒阳性病例组织悬液进行人工感染试验,均可引起健康鲤发生死亡。上述结果表明,从江县鲤的死亡是嗜水气单胞菌和鲤浮肿病毒混合感染所致。     

紫皮大蒜鳞茎外皮花青苷生物合成影响因素和相关酶的研究

 以紫皮大蒜品种‘G075’为试材,研究了鳞茎发育过程中鳞茎外皮花青苷的积累规律及与其生物合成相关的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、查儿酮异构酶（CHI）和二氢黄酮醇还原酶（DFR）活性的关系,分析了不同设施栽培方式、基质pH值、基质氮素水平和磷素水平对花青苷生物合成的影响。研究结果表明：随着大蒜鳞茎的发育,鳞茎外皮花青苷含量逐步提高,CHI活性与鳞茎外皮花青苷积累关系密切,其活性变化与花青苷积累趋势吻合;露地栽培温度相对较低的紫皮大蒜花青苷积累高于保护地温度相对较高的栽培大蒜,基质pH 6.5和1/2氮素水平（7.5 mmol · L^-1）时对花青苷合成有利,花青苷积累随磷素水平提高呈现先升后降的变化趋势。     

壳寡糖抗氧化性及对鲫鱼保鲜性能的研究

[目的]研究壳寡糖的抗氧化性及壳寡糖对冷藏鲫鱼保鲜性能的影响.[方法]以壳寡糖为原料,采用邻二氮菲-Fe2氧化法、DP-PH法等对壳寡糖的抗氧化性进行了测定,以pH、TVB-N及TBA为指标研究了壳寡糖对鲫鱼保鲜性能的影响.[结果]研究表明,1.5mg/ml壳寡糖溶液的还原能力相当于50 μg/ml阳性对照VC的还原能力;1 mg/ml壳寡糖溶液对羟自由基的清除率为45％,相当于100μg/ml阳性对照VC对羟自由基的清除率;4 mg/ml的壳寡糖溶液对DPPH自由基的清除率达到97.8％.新鲜鲫鱼在4℃冰箱冷藏条件下,壳寡糖溶液涂膜处理组和对照组在第8天时的TVB-N值分别为252.0和196.0 mg/kg;pH分别为7.73和6.69;TBA值分别为1.552和0.670.综合各项指标的变化,壳寡糖涂膜保鲜的鲫鱼货架期明显比对照组长,表明壳寡糖具有较好的抗氧化能力和保鲜性能.[结论]研究可为壳寡糖在更多领域更广泛的开发应用奠定基础.     

松浦镜鲤与德国镜鲤选育系（F4）的可量性状、鳞片数比较

对松浦镜鲤（SP）和德国镜鲤选育系（F4）（DJ）的可量性状及体表鳞片数进行比较,SP与DJ的可量性状与体表鳞被存在差异。SP的体长／体高（2．44±0．15）、头长／眼间距（2．24±0．08）明显小于DJ,体长／头长（3．86±0.20）、头长／吻长（2．99±0．23）明显大于DJ,SP体表的鳞片数明显少于DJ。结果表明,从DJ到SP遗传选育过程中,体型和鳞片的变化已达到了选育目的。     

55年来黄土高原边缘地区耕地动态变化的多尺度分析

本文对地处干旱、半干旱黄土高原生态脆弱地带的大同市耕地现状和1949—2003年间耕地总量变化进行分析,同时采用Morlet小波变换方法,对大同市耕地面积变化进行了多时间尺度和相应的周期变化特征分析,得出55年来大同市耕地面积变化具有2—3年和6年左右的年际尺度周期变化,并预测未来大同市耕地面积变化趋势;运用主成分分析方法分析得出耕地动态变化的驱动机制为人口因素、农业现代化水平、经济发展水平三个方面,所得结论有利于在科学的指导下采取措施稳定耕地面积,为干旱半干旱地区耕地的可持续利用提供科学依据,对相关省市农业可持续发展具有重要意义。