Nitrite Toxicity to the Razorback Sucker,Xyrauchen texanus,and the Bonytail,Gila elegans

ABSTRACT

Aquaculture for the purpose of supplementing natural recruitment is one approach used to assist the recovery of endangered fish populations. A common consequence of high-density culture is the accumulation of nitrite in the water. Razorback suckers (Catastomidae; Xyrauchen texanus) survived a 72-hour exposure to 25 mg/L nitrite-N. Bonytails (Cyprinidae; Gila elegans) died within 48 hours of exposure to 10 mg/L and 25 mg/L nitrite-N. A chloride:nitrite ratio of 5 (as either calcium chloride or sodium chloride) protected bonytail from nitrite toxicity. This study provides some basic knowledge that can be applied to the culture of these two endangered species and raises some interesting questions about the nature of nitrite toxicity and inhibition of toxicity in these two species.     

百日草小孢子发育时期与花器形态的相关性

[目的]为百日草花药培养接种材料的选择提供理论依据。[方法]以3个百日草杂交品种（F1）为供试材料,对花蕾进行形态观测和细胞学观察,研究小孢子发育时期与花器形态的相关性。[结果]百日草小孢子发育经过4个时期：四分体时期、单核期、双核期、三核期,各时期均具有明显的细胞学特征。百日草小孢子发育时期与花蕾外部形态、花药颜色等密切相关。[结论]根据百日草花器官的形态特征可推断其小孢子的发育时期,从而确定花药培养的最佳取材时间。     

菲对秀丽隐杆线虫、中杆属和拟丽突属线虫毒性效应研究

采用悉生培养系统,研究不同浓度菲对秀丽隐杆线虫、拟丽突属与中杆属线虫的毒性效应,以及3种线虫对菲的去除作用。结果表明:(1)随着菲浓度的增加,3种线虫存活率逐渐降低。秀丽隐杆线虫在不添加菲的处理中,48 h内出现繁殖,而在添加菲的处理中,即使在最低浓度5 mg/L下,繁殖现象也会消失。中杆属与拟丽突属线虫由于世代时间较长,在本试验周期内均未出现繁殖现象。(2)暴露24 h时,比较不同浓度菲处理下线虫的相对死亡率,得到3种线虫的耐性依次为中杆属线虫≥秀丽隐杆线虫≥拟丽突属线虫,且随菲浓度的增加,秀丽隐杆线虫耐性水平逐渐降低;暴露48 h时中杆属线虫耐性依旧高于拟丽突属,而72 h时中杆属与拟丽突属线虫的耐性趋于一致。(3)3种线虫受菲胁迫后均失去头部正常摆动能力,且秀丽隐杆线虫与拟丽突属线虫体长随菲浓度的增加而逐渐降低。(4)不同种类线虫的添加均能促进菲的去除,不同线虫之间无显著差异。因此,菲会显著抑制3种线虫的存活率和生长发育,抑制秀丽隐杆线虫的繁殖。线虫的存活率受线虫种类、暴露时间、菲浓度及其交互作用的影响显著,其中中杆属线虫对菲的综合耐性最强,3种线虫均能促进溶液中菲的去除。     

八角尺蠖幼虫粪便提取物抑菌活性的初步研究

[目的]研究八角尺蠖幼虫粪便提取物的抑菌作用,为其合理开发利用提供理论依据。[方法]用蒸馏水、乙醇、丙酮和正己烷4种溶剂对八角尺蠖幼虫粪便进行提取。以4种细菌和4种真菌为供试菌种,使用滤纸片法测定4种溶剂提取物的抑菌活性。[结果]八角尺蠖幼虫粪便的蒸馏水提取物对枯青霉、根霉菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、黑曲霉和产气杆菌的抑菌效果较强;乙醇提取物对枯青霉、根霉菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果较强;丙酮提取物对枯青霉、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌效果较强。[结论]八角尺蠖幼虫粪便的4种溶剂提取物均具有一定的抑菌活性,其中蒸馏水、乙醇和丙酮提取物的抑菌活性较强,且不同提取物对不同的供试菌种的抑菌效果也存在差异。     

秀丽线虫缺氧相关剪接调节因子的筛查

【目的】基于RNA干涉文库,寻找与秀丽线虫缺氧损伤表型相关的剪接调节因子。【方法】利用喂饲RNA干涉(RNA interference,RNAi)文库筛选技术,对秀丽线虫基因组中的351个RNA结合蛋白(RNA bindingprotein,RBP)基因进行筛选。【结果】经过2次筛选共得到5个与缺氧相关的RBP编码基因,其中剪接因子1个,参与mRNA翻译过程的基因4个。【结论】剪接调节因子可能在mRNA的剪接和翻译水平上参与低氧应答。     

染色法鉴别秀丽隐杆线虫生命状态探究

利用0.5%的曙红、10%的番红花、0.5%的亚甲基蓝和红墨水,分别对死伤秀丽隐杆线虫进行染色观察,进而找出一种清晰可见、简单易行的鉴别死伤线虫的方法。     

食线虫性真菌弯孢节丛孢菌的分离及捕食线虫过程的观察

【目的】从牛羊相关联的基质中分离食线虫性真菌弯孢节丛孢菌Arthrobotrys musiformis并进一步观察该分离株对捻转血矛线虫Haemonchus contortus 3期幼虫和秀丽隐杆线虫Caenorhabditis elegans的捕食过程。【方法】用诱饵平板技术分离弯孢节丛孢,然后借助扫描电镜观察弯孢节丛孢对捻转血矛线虫3期幼虫和秀丽隐杆线虫作用的动态过程。将该菌分离株NPS045接种在表面铺有纤维素膜的20 g·L-1水琼脂平皿中培养4 d后并加入试验线虫,于2种线虫捕捉后不同时间段取样观察。【结果】电镜观察结果显示,加入试验线虫后5 h该菌产生捕食结构并开始捕捉2种线虫;弯孢节丛孢对捻转血矛线虫3期幼虫于捕捉后22 h刺入角质层,56 h虫体有侵入性菌丝长出,68 h消化完全;秀丽隐杆线虫于捕捉后14 h刺入并明显皱缩,19 h虫体严重皱缩,24 h消化完全。【结论】从1 502份与牛羊相关的样品中分离出17株弯孢节丛孢菌,其在总样品中的检出率为1.13%。     

Planococcus maritimus ML1206 Isolated from Wild Oysters Enhances the Survival of Caenorhabditis elegans against Vibrio anguillarum

With the widespread occurrence of aquaculture diseases and the broad application of antibiotics, drug-resistant pathogens have increasingly affected aquatic animals’ health. Marine probiotics, which live under high pressure in a saltwater environment, show high potential as a substitute for antibiotics in the field of aquatic disease control. In this study, twenty strains of non-hemolytic bacteria were isolated from the intestine of wild oysters and perch, and a model of Caenorhabditis elegans infected by Vibrio anguillarum was established. Based on the model, ML1206, which showed a 99% similarity of 16S rRNA sequence to Planococcus maritimus, was selected as a potential marine probiotic, with strong antibacterial capabilities and great acid and bile salt tolerance, to protect Caenorhabditis elegans from being damaged by Vibrio anguillarum. Combined with plate counting and transmission electron microscopy, it was found that strain ML1206 could significantly inhibit Vibrio anguillarum colonization in the intestinal tract of Caenorhabditis elegans. Acute oral toxicity tests in mice showed that ML1206 was safe and non-toxic. The real-time qPCR results showed a higher expression level of genes related to the antibacterial peptide (ilys-3) and detoxification (ugt-22, cyp-35A3, and cyp-14A3) in the group of Caenorhabditis elegans protected by ML1206 compared to the control group. It is speculated that ML1206, as a potential probiotic, may inhibit the infection caused by Vibrio anguillarum through stimulating Caenorhabditis elegans to secrete antibacterial effectors and detoxification proteins. This paper provides a new direction for screening marine probiotics and an experimental basis to support the potential application of ML1206 as a marine probiotic in aquaculture.     

农药废水对秀丽隐杆线虫毒性效应及其主要有毒组分

应用battery生物测试法,检测研究农药废水对秀丽隐杆线虫的生命周期、繁殖速率、生殖能力、头摆和身体弯曲频率等影响的生物毒性.及其引发生物毒性的主要有机污染物.结果表明,在已经达到国家废水排放标准[GB 8978-19961情况下,处理出水对受试动物仍然存在致毒效应;线虫的世代周期对进水的毒性最为敏感,产卵数量对出水的毒性最为敏感;进水毒性主要来自易受酸性调节影响的有机污染物,出水毒性主要来自易受碱性调节影响的有机污染物.结果表明,该项生物测试的毒性参数,可用于指示存在于低CODCr废水中的生物毒性;所用的毒性鉴别评价(TIE)方法,可用于鉴别废水中引发致毒效应的关键污染物.废水中悬浮颗粒污染物的生物毒性至关重要,尚未研究,有待继续.