Use of two PGPR strains in the integrated management of blast disease in rice (Oryza sativa) in Southern Spain

Biocontrol capacity of two plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains, against blast disease in rice paddy fields in Southern Spain was studied in three cropping seasons. Both strains (Pseudomonas fluorescens Aur 6 and Chryseobacterium balustinum Aur 9) had already shown biocontrol capacity against pathogens, ability to induce systemic resistance against leaf pathogens and against salt stress in different plant species. Bacterial treatments were carried out on seeds and/or on leaves. Strains were inoculated individually and in combination. Protection against natural disease incidence was evaluated, and rice production and quality measured in 2005 and 2006 trials. In 2004, natural disease incidence was low (between 0.1% and 0.35% of damaged leaf surface) due to environmental conditions; under these conditions, both strains significantly protected plants against rice blast. In 2005, disease incidence was higher than in 2004, reaching higher values of affected leaf surface in controls. In these conditions, each strain individually protected rice against rice blast, although the combination of both strains was the most effective treatment. All three treatments (Aur 6, Aur 9 and Aur 6 + Aur 9) reached 50% protection in panicles, with Aur 9 being the most effective. In 2006, the most effective treatment was the combination of both strains on leaves in three physiological stages, suggesting a biocontrol mediated protection. On the other hand, when bacteria were applied to seeds, disease incidence decreased up to 50%, suggesting induction of systemic resistance. Finally, a direct relation between protection mediated by the PGPR and the increase in rice productivity (mT/ha) and quality (weight of 1000 seeds and number of intact grains after milling) was found.     

西南地区普通小麦1BL/1RS易位系的DArT分子标记鉴定

为了准确了解小麦品系中1BL/1RS易位系的存在,利用7 000多个DArT分子标记(Diversityarrays technology,多样性微阵列技术)对87个普通小麦品系进行扫描,总共获得1 750个稳定的多样性的分子标记(P>80)。这些标记的多态性信息含量指数(PIC)的范围是0.03～0.5,平均值为0.35(P>80)。根据DArT标记的可整合性,利用1B染色体上的DArT数据进行主坐标分析(Principal-Coordinates Analysis,PCoA),可以把实验材料划分为两个群,并且确定一个群是由1BL/1RS易位系组成,另一个群由非1BL/1RS易位系组成。同时,利用非加权组平均法(Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means,UPGMA)进行聚类分析,调查了材料之间的遗传关系,结果显示,实验材料同样聚集为两个群,一个群由1BL/1RS易位系组成,包含两个亚群;另一个群由非易位系组成,包含六个亚群。研究证实,DArT标记不仅可以调查小麦全基因组的遗传多样性,而且利用它的可整合性能够准确鉴定研究材料中的1BL/1RS易位系。     

晚播条件下施氮量对稻茬小麦氮素吸收及产量的影响

为给安徽省江淮稻麦轮作区域晚播稻茬小麦高产栽培的氮肥合理施用提供依据,选用当地主栽品种扬麦18和皖垦麦076为试验材料,设置5个施氮水平(0、90、180、270和360 kg·hm~(-2)),分析施氮量对晚播小麦氮素积累与分配、糖氮比、氮素同化酶活性及产量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥能显著提高小麦各器官的氮积累量以及营养器官花前贮存氮素转运量、转运效率和转运氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率,氮素收获指数随着施氮量的增加而降低。随施氮量的增加,小麦各生育时期不同器官的糖氮比值显著降低。小麦的氮素分配比例在生育前期以叶片最高,成熟期籽粒中氮素分配比例显著高于其余部位,而小麦的可溶性糖分配比例在生育前期以茎鞘最高,成熟期籽粒较高。在0～270 kg·hm~(-2)施氮量范围内,增施氮肥后,两个小麦品种的硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合成酶活性均显著提高,穗数、穗粒数和籽粒产量均明显增加。继续增加施氮量至360kg·hm~(-2)时,氮素同化酶活性和产量无显著变化,说明施氮过多对小麦氮素同化和产量无益。土壤氮贡献率、氮肥农学利用效率和氮素偏生产力均随施氮量增加而降低。推荐江淮区域稻茬小麦晚播条件下适宜施氮量为180～270kg·hm~(-2)偏下限,可兼顾高产及氮素高效吸收和利用。     

开放性网络互连技术的探讨

从计算机通信网络的开放性原理出发,阐述了网络互连的技术,重点解释了多种主机、多类协议的网络兼客与互连的技术。     

高校实验室信息管理系统的设计与实现

基于对高校实验室科学化、网络化管理的目的,采用查阅大量相关文献资料,分析国内外研究现状,进行系统设计、实现,并通过实践验证研究效果的技术路线,构建了基于B/S结构模式的高校实验室信息管理系统。通过在河北农业大学基础化学实验室的具体应用,达到了实验室无纸化办公、高效率管理的效果。     

Immunohistochemical study on changes in gill Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit during smoltification in the wild masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou

Changes in immunoreactivity of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase -subunit in gill sections of wild masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) during the parr-smolt transformation (smoltification) were compared with changes in gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase specific activity. Gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase specific activity increased from April and peaked in May. Immunohistochemical analysis, using an antiserum against a synthetic oligopeptide based on the conserved region of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase -subunit, revealed that immunoreactivity was confined to chloride cells in the surface layer of primary lamellae and the proximal end of secondary lamellae. The size and number of these cells increased gradually from February to May; however, the number of chloride cells of the secondary lamellae decreased in May. These data suggest that the synthesis of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and the proliferation of chloride cells occur prior to the elevation of enzyme activity. Moreover, it is likely the proliferation and hypertrophy of chloride cells on primary lamellae prepare smolts for entry into seawater and migration in the ocean.     

耕作方式对华北冬小麦.夏玉米周年产量和水分利用的影响

在冬小麦季设置秸秆不还田翻耕(CT)、秸秆还田翻耕(CTS)、秸秆还田旋耕(RTS)和免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种处理,研究耕作方式对华北小麦-玉米两熟区作物周年产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明:耕作方式对当季冬小麦产量和水分利用影响显著,对夏玉米产量和水分利用影响不大,但秸秆还田提高了夏玉米产量。RTS、CTS、CT 3个处理小麦季产量差异不显著,而NTS由于有效穗数不足,产量显著低于其他处理;与CT相比,NTS周年产量平均减产5.13%,RTS增产2.69%,CTS增产2.33%。耕作方式对当季小麦土壤水分含量影响大,而对后茬夏玉米土壤水分含量的影响较小。NTS提高了小麦季土壤水分含量,增加了土壤储水量,与CT相比,0~60 cm土壤储水量2010年和2011年分别增加39.07 mm和26.65 mm。从耗水构成来看,土壤水在冬小麦耗水中所占比例最大,其次为灌水和降水;而夏玉米耗水以降水为主,且降水中有一部分转化为土壤水储存起来。NTS提高了冬小麦季土壤储水量,降低了土壤水分的消耗,冬小麦季耗水最少。与CT相比,NTS小麦季平均节水22.40 mm,周年耗水量也以NTS最少;但NTS冬小麦产量降低导致其小麦季和周年水分利用效率均最低。从作物周年产量和水分利用的角度来看,如何提高免耕秸秆覆盖小麦季产量,进而提高周年产量,发挥其节水优势,是该耕作模式在华北地区冬小麦?夏玉米两熟区推广应用亟需解决的关键问题。     

Mineralization of Organic Nitrogen in Soils with Contrasting Fertility Was Regulated Differently by Addition of Biochar and Animal Manures

ABSTRACT

How to restore the soil fertility and productivity in a damaged and then reclaimed area with extremely low fertility is a big concern worldwide. To explore the method of soil restoration in the coal mining subsidence area, the effects of biochar application coupled with organic fertilizer (animal manures) on the process of organic nitrogen (N) mineralization were studied in a 149 days leaching experiment. Biochar were applied (wt/wt) at the rates of 0%, 1%, and 3%. Two organic fertilizers with different C/N ratio (chicken and sheep manures) were applied at the rate of 200 mg N·kg^?1 soil. A vegetable soil with high-fertility was used as the comparison. The results showed that when treated with chicken manure, the reclaimed soil had 11.13% lower mineralization potential and 20.00% lower inorganic nitrogen production from mineralization than the vegetable soil. Compared with the non-biochar treatment, biochar at both application rates decreased N leaching in chicken manure-treated reclaimed soil, i.e., by 21.49% (1% biochar) and 28.31% (3% biochar), respectively, whereas only high rate of biochar application decreased N leaching in chicken manure-treated vegetable soil by 8.10%. However, N leaching in sheep manure-treated reclaimed soil was unaffected by the biochar application. Thus, the effect of the biochar on the organic nitrogen mineralization was affected by both soil and organic fertilizer type.     

用于生物质酶解过程的纤维素酶研究进展

纤维素酶解效率是木质纤维素经济、高效生化转化的限制瓶颈。该文讨论了影响纤维素酶酶解经济性与高效性的多个要素,如:高滤纸酶活菌株的选育、发酵、酶解机理、酶解影响因素及酶解混合体系的优化等。该文研究表明,纤维二糖水解酶可能是决定发酵体系中滤纸酶活高低的关键单酶组分,同时,该酶可能也是预处理后生物质酶解体系中决定滤纸酶活效率的关键单酶组分。酶解过程中关键限速反应的认识及关键限制因素形成机制的揭示将成为纤维素酶生化转化研究的重点,这些机理机制的建立可为构建高比活力纤维素酶提供理论依据。     

The Characterization of Heavy Metals in the Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Cultivar Rkatsiteli and Wild Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) from East Serbia by ICP-OES and BAFs

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, in combination with calculation of various biological factors, was used in this study not only for a simple illustration of the present status of some essential and non-essential metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in the grapevine cultivar Rkatsiteli and wild blackberry from East Serbia but also for the estimation of plant bioaccumulation potentials. Great majority of detected metal concentrations were in normal ranges except in few cases: Zn concentrations were at the level of deficiency in almost all plant parts, and some Cu and As concentrations were at the levels that could be considered phytotoxic. Biological accumulation factors provided very informative data on metal accumulation and translocation in both plants and pointed to low accumulation rates of metals except in the case of Cu, Zn, and As in some wild blackberry tissues.