紫茎泽兰水浸液对不同玉米品种的化感效应分析

利用生物检测法研究了不同采收时期紫茎泽兰的茎叶水浸液对不同品种玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:不同受体品种对紫茎泽兰化感效应的敏感性存在差异,各品种敏感性(敏感指数M3)顺序为:云瑞1号(-0.086 5)白糯1号(-0.068 2)鲁三3号(-0.038 6)。紫茎泽兰水浸液化感效应大小与其浓度密切相关。12月份采收的紫茎泽兰,其茎叶水浸液对玉米的化感抑制作用随浓度增加而增强。而4月份采收的紫茎泽兰,其茎叶水浸液在低浓度(0.001 g/m L)时对各品种均有化感促进作用;中浓度(0.005 g/m L)时,对白糯1号、鲁三3号有促进作用,但对云瑞1号呈抑制作用;高浓度(0.025 g/m L)时,对所有供试玉米品种均表现为化感抑制效应,其中对鲁三3号的抑制作用最强。紫茎泽兰化感效应与其采收时期关系密切,4月份采收的紫茎泽兰,其茎叶水浸液表现出更强的化感抑制效应。     

柚皮粗提物对松梢螟幼虫生物活性影响研究

通过测定柚皮粗提物对松梢螟幼虫的拒食活性、生长发育影响和毒杀活性,研究其对松梢螟幼虫的室内毒力作用.结果显示:100 mg/mL的柚皮粗提物生物毒性最强,处理24、48 h后的松梢螟幼虫的拒食率分别达到了99.28％ 、94.23％,拒食中浓度AFC50分别为7.61、9.28 mg/mL;对松梢螟四龄幼虫的生长抑制率在处理后24、48、96 h分别为96.32％ 、95.44％和93.19％,LC50分别为9.56、13.52、8.38 mg/mL;三龄幼虫、五龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为90.00％和80.00％,与对照药剂噻虫啉的效果处于同一显著水平.柚皮粗提物对三龄幼虫毒杀作用效果优于五龄幼虫,LD50分别为18.46、25.99 mg/mL.说明柚皮粗提物对松梢螟幼虫生物活性有一定影响.     

38种植物甲醇提取物除草活性的测定

采用拟南芥的竖直培养皿法,以根长抑制率为指标,进行了38种甲醇提取物除草活性的初步测定。挑选出了其中活性较好的16种植物甲醇提取物,采用小杯法,以根长、茎长和鲜质量作为指标,测定它们对三叶鬼针草的除草活性。结果表明:供试植物中有5种植物甲醇提取物对三叶鬼针草的活性显著,根长、茎长和鲜质量的IC50值均小于1 000μg/m L,它们分别是:竹节草[Chrysopogon aciculatus(Retz.)]、地胆草(Elephantopus scaber L.)、牡蒿(Artemisia japonica Thumb)、金钱松[Pesudolarix kaempferi(Lindl.)Gord]、猫儿刺(Ilex pernyi Franch)。其中,竹节草甲醇提取物对三叶鬼针草根长、茎长和鲜质量的IC50值分别是489.38,558.88,652.38μg/m L,地胆草甲醇提取物对三叶鬼针草根长、茎长和鲜质量的IC5 0值分别是643.76,347.56,611.48μg/m L。     

中草药提取物与杀菌剂复配对烟草赤星病菌的抑制效果

为减少化学农药的使用,降低农药的残留,提高对烟草赤星病的防效,选用中草药甘草和穿心莲提取物分别与杀菌剂40%菌核净和80%代森锰锌进行复配,采用生长速率法测定复配剂对烟草赤星病菌的抑制作用,并判断其复配后是否具有协同增效作用。结果表明:4种组合中甘草提取物与40%菌核净复配,穿心莲提取物与40%菌核净复配都具有明显的增效作用,其共毒因子分别为100.56和95.87;实际抑菌率分别为100%和97.62%,此2个组合的中草药提取物与杀菌剂体积比为1∶9时增效作用较显著。     

4种植物水浸提液对铅镉污染土壤的淋洗效果

为探讨植物水浸提液淋洗去除土壤中重金属的可行性,选用驳骨丹（Buddleja asiatica）、茵陈蒿（Artemisia capillaries）、假酸浆（Nicandra physaloides）和紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophora）4种植物材料的水浸提液作为淋洗剂,分析不同淋洗剂浓度、pH和淋洗时间对去除土壤中重金属铅（Pb）和镉（Cd）的影响。结果表明,4种植物淋洗剂对2种土壤中Pb和Cd均具有一定的去除作用。随着淋洗剂浓度的增加,其对土壤中Pb和Cd的淋洗效率总体呈上升趋势;随淋洗剂pH的增大,淋洗率总体呈降低趋势;而随淋洗时间的增加,4种植物的Pb和Cd淋洗率呈总体增加、先增后减和无显著变化等3种趋势。驳骨丹对土壤A中Cd（72.45%）和Pb（13.27%）的去除率最高,对土壤B中Pb（17.27%）去除率最高;紫茎泽兰对土壤B中Cd（59.81%）的去除率最高。研究表明,驳骨丹和紫茎泽兰具有较好的治理重金属污染土壤的潜力。     

菲律宾蛤仔提取物及生物活性的研究进展

菲律宾蛤仔是我国四大养殖贝类之一,营养丰富,蛋白含量高,具有食用和药用价值.从菲律宾蛤仔中提取的氨基多糖、糖胺聚糖、糖蛋白、活性多肽等物质,具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、降血脂、增强免疫力及抗动脉粥样硬化等作用,本文综述这些生物活性成分的研究现状,为海洋功能食品和海洋药物的研发提供参考.     

Inorganic N analysis of soil extracts by automated and distillation procedures

Abstract

A comparison was made of automated procedures and steam distillation for analysis of NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^‐ in KCl extracts of soils. Automated analysis of NH₄ ⁺ utilized the phenate‐hypochlorite reaction. Nitrate was analyzed by E. coli reduction of NO₃ ^‐ to NO₂‐which was then determined colorimetrically by reaction with sulfanilamide and napthylethylenediamine diHCl. Soil extracts were made with 1 M and 2 M KCl. Extracting with 1 M KCl was as effective as 2 M KCl. Extracts in 1 M KCl did not interfere with E. coli reduction of NO₃‐, but 2 M KCl did. The automated procedures when compared to distillation gave similar if not better precision and reduced variation particularly at low N concentrations. The automated procedure tended to give higher values at higher NO₃‐concentrations. Reduced time required for the analyses provided an additional advantage for the automated procedures.     

Determination of nitrite in soil extracts and water samples by a nitrogen oxide electrode

Abstract

Work to evaluate the Orion nitrogen oxide electrode indicated that this electrode can be used satisfactorily for determination of nitrite in soil extracts and water samples. The electrode method of analysis described is simple, rapid, and precise, and its results agree closely with those obtained by the colorimetric method of Griess‐Ilosvay. The electrode method has the advantage that its results are not affected by color or turbidity or by Cu²⁺ and Hg²⁺ present in samples under analysis     

The insecticidal and acaricidal actions of compounds fromAzadirachta indica (A. Juss.) and their use in tropical pest management

The pest control potential demonstrated by various extracts and compounds isolated from the kernels and leaves of the neem plant (Azadirachta indica) A. Juss. (Meliaceae) seem to be of tremendous importance for agriculture in developing countries. Laboratory and field trial data have revealed that neem extracts are toxic to over 400 species of insect pests some of which have developed resistance to conventional pesticides, e.g. sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn. Diptera: Aleyrodidae), the diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella L. Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and cattle ticks (Amblyomma cajennense F. Acarina: Ixodidae andBoophilus microplus Canestrini. Acarina: Ixodidae). The compounds isolated from the neem plant manifest their effects on the test organisms in many ways, e.g. as antifeedants, growth regulators, repellents, toxicants and chemosterilants. This review strives to assess critically the pest control potential of neem extracts and compounds for their use in the tropics. This assessment is based on the information available on the wide range of pests against which neem extracts and compounds have proven to be toxic, toxicity to non-target organisms, e.g. parasitoids, pollinators, mammals and fish, formulations, stability and phytotoxicity.     

中草药提取物对蜜蜂屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)的抑制作用研究

为了观察中草药对蜜蜂屎肠球菌（Entorococcus faecium）的体外抑菌效果，选用14种中草药按常规法制备水提物，用纸片法和试管二倍稀释法检测中草药水提物对蜜蜂屎肠球菌的抑菌作用。试验结果表明，所选14种中草药中9种对蜜蜂屎肠球菌有中度以上抑菌作用，其中大青叶的抑菌作用最强，其次是黄连、金银花、黄芪、黄芩、大黄、板篮根、淫羊藿和青蒿。