苏南地区净第一性生产力对土地利用变化的响应

通过CASA模型对苏南地区1999年和2008年净第一性生产力(NPP)进行估算,分析NPP时空变化及其对土地利用变化的响应,结果显示:①1999-2008年,苏南地区NPP时空变化显著,19个市县的NPP均为减少:昆山减少量最大(以C计)242.04 g/m2,扬中最小(以C计)70.94 g/m2; NPP减少量高值区位于太湖流域,低值区位于苏南西北部.②与1999年相比,2008年6种地类的平均NPP都在下降:建设用地和耕地减幅最大,分别为55.69％、45.74％; NPP减少量高值区耕地和建设用地转化斑块最为突出,低值区减少量主要源于林地和草地的转化.这与太湖流域城市群迅速扩张下农用地转换为建设用地趋势明显的土地利用方式在空间上吻合.③NPP变化与耕地变化的相关性最强,相关系数为0.523.林地-水域、耕地-水域、林地-草地、耕地-草地这4种转换方式下NPP损益较大.     

基于CASA模型的榆林碳源/汇平衡与生态盈余研究

【目的】基于生态平衡视角,研究“退耕还林还草”工程与能源重化工基地建设对陕西省榆林市碳源/汇平衡及其生态效应的影响过程与机制,以期为研究区制定碳减排与碳增汇政策提供科学依据。【方法】采用研究区能源消费统计数据、归一化植被指数（NDVI）、遥感数据、气象数据等,利用碳排放模型、CASA模型、固碳释氧模型等进行估算与分析。【结果】（1）2005—2009年,榆林市化石能源消费碳排放总量大幅增加,累计碳排放规模为8 576.66×104 t;原煤消费是最主要的碳源;神木县、府谷县、榆阳区的碳排放量合计占到整个区域的95%以上。（2）2005—2009年,榆林市逐年植被净第一性生产力（NPP）平均值呈小幅增加趋势,年均增加6 gC•m-2,佳县、米脂县和子洲县一带NPP增长显著;榆林市NPP平均值表现出“南高北低、东高西低”的格局,低值区域集中在以榆阳区为中心的呈东北-西南走向的区域。（3）2005—2009年,榆林市植被累计固定11 429.3×104 t CO2。（4）2005—2009年,总体上榆林市各年份碳固定总量均大于碳排放总量,且其差额逐年增加,呈现生态盈余等级升高的趋势;同时碳源/汇平衡与生态盈余特征存在显著内部空间分异,神木县、府谷县和榆阳区的生态盈余等级波动明显,生态状况逐年下降,是榆林市碳减排与碳增汇的重点区域。【结论】实施“退耕还林还草”工程,对增加植被碳汇作用显著,提高碳汇林比重是区域碳增汇的有效措施,对促使区域生态环境持续好转与减小生态压力具有现实意义。     

Effect of pH on rheotaxis of bull sperm using microfluidics

The aim of the present research is to study the effect of pH values on the sperm rheotaxis properties. Semen collected from bulls was diluted with SOF medium (1:10). pH of the medium was adjusted using a digital pH meter to the following pH values: 6.0, 6.2, 6.4, 6.4, 6.8, 7.0. All kinetic parameters of sperm (n = 3,385) were determined through a computer‐assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system using microfluidic devices with controlled flow velocity. The following parameters were determined: total motility (TM%), positive rheotaxis (PR%), straightline velocity (VSL, μm/s), average path velocity (VAP, μm/s), linearity (LIN, as VSL/VCL, %), beat cross‐frequency (BCF, Hz) and curvilinear velocity (VCL, μm/s). Nitric oxide, calcium and potassium were estimated in semen at different pH values. To confirm the effect of nitric oxide and K⁺, we used sodium nitroprusside (an NO donor) and KCL as (a K⁺ donor) to see their effect on sperm PR%. The results showed no difference in TM% at pH (6–7). The PR% was the lowest at pH 6 and 7. The best parameters for the PR% were at pH 6.4–6.6. The concentration of Ca⁺² did not change at different pH values. The mean NO values decreased with the increase of pH; however, the mean values of K⁺ increased with the increase of pH. Addition of high concentration of NO and K⁺ to the semen media at fixed pH level had a negative effect on TM% and PR%. In conclusion, the bull sperm had the best rheotaxis properties at pH 6.4–6.6 and sensitive to the change of seminal NO and K⁺.     

基于CASA模型的区域冬小麦生物量遥感估算

该文对原始CASA(carnegie-ames-stanford-approach)模型中归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)最值提取方法及光合有效辐射吸收比(fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation,FPAR)的算法进行了深入分析,并通过综合分析大量国内外文献,更加科学合理的确定了最大光能利用率的取值,最终确立了适合该研究区的CASA模型。该文以河北省邯郸市3个县域冬小麦为研究对象,以HJ-1A/B星遥感数据产品为数据支撑,采用CASA模型对研究区2014年冬小麦生物量进行了估算和精度验证,结果表明:研究区冬小麦生物量平均值为1 485 g/m~2,50%以上区域在1 500~2 000 g/m~2之间。冬小麦实测生物量与预测生物量相关性达到显著水平,R~2为0.811 5。经过50组数据分析对比,平均相对误差为2.13%,其中,最大值为11.54%,最小值为0.33%;平均预测生物量为1 807.54 g/m~2,与平均实测生物量1 720.74 g/m~2相比,绝对误差为86.80 g/m~2,为估算区域冬小麦产量提供理论支撑。     

陆地生态系统净初级生产力的时空动态模拟研究进展

陆地生态系统净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)研究是全球变化的核心内容之一,反映了植被每年通过光合作用所固定的碳总量。近年来将遥感数据引入到NPP的模型设计和估算中已成为了一种新的发展方向,它利用遥感获得的全覆盖数据,使区域及全球尺度的NPP估算成为可能。回顾了NPP研究历史,综合分析了气候相关统计模型、生态系统过程模型和光能利用率模型的优缺点;以CASA、C-FIX和BIOME-BGC这3种遥感参数模型为例,阐述和分析了该类模型的特点以及国内外的研究进展,提出了NPP模型存在的问题和未来的发展方向。     

基于CASA模型的甘肃省草地净初级生产力研究

利用基于遥感数据的光能利用模型-CASA模型估算了2005年甘肃草地生态系统NPP,分析了其空间格局,以及地形因素对草地NPP的影响。(1)实测数据与模拟结果对比表明,修正后的CA-SA模型的可操作性强,仅利用地面气象数据和遥感数据就可以对草地生产力进行模拟,模拟效果较好。(2)2005年甘肃省草地NPP总量为3.76×1013g/(m2.a),最高值达790.56g/(m2.a),年均值为139.15g/(m2.a),由西南向东北逐渐减少。(3)草地NPP季节变化非常明显,夏季NPP达到最大值;冬季植被基本停止生长,草地NPP值最低。4)在海拔3 000～3 500m区域、25°～30°坡度以及东坡草地NPP均达到较高水平。     

Dog sperm swimming parameters analysed by computer‐assisted semen analysis of motility reveal major breed differences

Dogs have undergone an intensive artificial selection process ever since the beginning of their relationship with humans. As a consequence, a wide variety of well‐defined breeds exist today. Due to the enormous variation in dog phenotypes and the unlikely chance of gene exchange between them, the question arises as to whether they should still be regarded as a single species or, perhaps, they be considered as different taxa that possess different reproductive traits. The aim of this study was therefore to characterize some male reproductive traits, focusing on kinematic characteristics of dog spermatozoa from several breeds. Thirty‐seven dogs from the following breeds were used: Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Labrador Retriever, Spanish Mastiff, Valencian Rat Hunting Dog, British Bulldog and Chihuahua. Semen samples were obtained via manual stimulation and diluted to a final sperm concentration of 50 million/ml, and they were subsequently analysed by the computer assisted semen analysis (CASA‐Mot) ISAS^®v1 system. Eight kinematic parameters were evaluated automatically. All parameters showed significant different values among breeds and among individuals within each breed. The fastest sperm cells were those of Staffordshire Bull Terriers and the slowest were recorded in Chihuahuas. The intra‐male coefficient of variation (CV) was higher than the inter‐male CV for all breeds with the Staffordshire Bull Terrier showing the lowest values. When taking into consideration the cells by animal and breed, discriminant analyses showed a high capability to predict the breed. Cluster analyses showed a hierarchical classification very close to that obtained after phylogenetic studies with genome markers. In conclusion, future workers on dog spermatozoa should bear in mind major differences between breeds and realize that results cannot be extrapolated from one to another. Because sperm characteristics are associated with breed diversity, dogs may represent a good model to examine changes in reproductive parameters associated with selection processes.     

Effect of frame rate capture frequency on sperm kinematic parameters and subpopulation structure definition in boars,analysed with a CASA‐Mot system

Motility is the most widely used indicator of sperm quality. Computer‐Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA) allows the objective evaluation of sperm motility parameters. CASA technology is a common tool to predict semen doses in farm animal reproduction. The kinds of video cameras used until now for image acquisition have presented limited frame rates (FR), which have a negative influence on the quality of the obtained data. The aim of the present work was to define the optimal frame rate for a correct evaluation of boar sperm motility and its subpopulation structure. Eighteen ejaculates from nine mature boars of the Pietrain breed were used. Using the ISAS^®v1 CASA‐Mot system, with a video camera working up to 200 Hz, six FRs (25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 200 fps) were compared. ISAS^®D4C20 counting chambers, warmed to 37°C, were used. FR affected all the kinematic parameters, with curvilinear velocity (VCL) and BCF the most sensitive ones. All the parameters showed differences among animals. Non‐linear correlation showed the asymptotic level for VCL at 212 fps, being the highest FR for all the parameters. For future studies based just on progressive motility, almost 100 fps FR for 0.5 s must be used, while when kinematics must be considered, almost 212 fps for one‐second should be analysed. Three principal components were obtained (velocity, progressivity and oscillation), being similar at 50 and 200 fps. Cells were grouped in four subpopulations but with different kinematic and cellular distribution at both FRs.     

The comparison of two different extenders for the improvement of large‐scale sperm cryopreservation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

In our study, a traditionally used (Grayling, already used in cyprinid species) and a newly tested (Pike) extender was tested to avoid sperm agglutination phenomenon following thawing during carp sperm cryopreservation. A large‐scale (elevated volume of sperm) freezing method in a controlled‐rate freezer using 5 ml straw and 10 ml cryotube was also systematically established. In all experiments, the sperm cryopreserved in using Grayling extender (except only one sample) showed an agglutination phenomenon (damaged and intact cells adhered to each other) after thawing where Pike extender resulted the regular cell suspension. No significant difference was observed between the two cryopreserved groups (Pike and Grayling extender) in all motility parameters using the 0.5 ml straw and the polystyrene box. Similarly, motility parameters did not show a significant difference in the two frozen groups with the 5 ml straw, also in the polystyrene box. A significantly higher progressive motility (pMOT, Grayling: 54% ± 8%, Pike: 37% ± 5%), straight line velocity (VSL, Grayling: 50 ± 5 µm/s, Pike: 39 ± 4 µm/s) and beat cross frequency (BCF, Grayling: 20 ± 1 Hz, Pike: 17 ± 1 Hz) was observed in the case of the grayling extender by the 5 ml straw cryopreserved in a controlled‐rate freezer (CRF) compare to the pike extender. A significantly higher VSL (Grayling: 45 ± 3 µm/s, Pike: 38 ± 4 µm/s) was observed by the grayling extender using the 10 ml cryotube than with the pike extender. Despite the randomly occurring differences in a few parameters, our new controlled freezing method using the newly tested Pike extender, the 5 ml straw or the 10 ml cryotube can be a good solution for the preservation of elevated volume of carp sperm.     

黄土高原植被净初级生产力的时空变化及其与气候因子的关系

以西北典型植被脆弱区黄土高原为研究区,利用AVHRR GIMMS和MODIS两种NDVI数据源,基于CASA模型对1982-2014年黄土高原植被净初级生产力（NPP）进行模拟,并分析其时空变化特征及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明：黄土高原年均植被NPP为254.0gC?m-2,1982-2014年总体呈增加趋势。不同植被类型NPP有较大差异,落叶阔叶林NPP值最高,年均NPP达513.0gC?m-2,其次为常绿针叶林、草甸、农田、灌丛和草原。黄土高原植被NPP空间分布差异显著,表现出南高北低的特点。从NPP年际变化的空间分布来看,在退耕还林还草生态工程实施之前（1982-1998年）,黄土高原大部分区域植被NPP变化不明显。自1999年后该区植被NPP增加趋势显著,增速达到5.38gC?m-2?a-1。在空间分布上,66.6%的区域植被NPP呈显著增加趋势,主要分布在陕北高原、山西中西部的吕梁-太行山等地。退耕还林等生态工程的实施,使该区植被状况得到改善。黄土高原植被NPP与降水量具有显著的相关性,但与气温相关性不大,说明降水是影响黄土高原植被NPP的主要因素。