鹑梭状芽胞杆菌外毒素的分离与特性研究

用色氨酸磷酸液体培养基厌氧培养， 蔡氏滤器过滤， 以饱和硫酸铵沉淀， 制备了鹑梭状芽胞杆菌外毒素， 经检测该毒素的稳定性较差， ６０ ℃１０ 分钟即可破坏， 经 Ｓ Ｄ Ｓ聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析证明， 该毒素至少有１１种蛋白成分， 分子量在３００００ ～６７０００ 之间， 静脉注射小鼠０２ ｍ ｇ 可引起死亡， 经口灌服雏鸡， 可出现肝脏坏死和肠粘膜溃疡。     

C型产气荚膜梭菌外毒素致小鼠肠道损伤的转录组分析

旨在探索产气荚膜梭菌外毒素造成机体炎性损伤及免疫调控紊乱的毒性机制,为产气荚膜梭菌病的致病机理研究提供理论基础。将C型产气荚膜梭菌强毒株C59-2培养上清腹腔注射BALB/c小鼠,采集小肠样本进行转录组测序,筛选差异表达基因,并对其进行GO功能注释和KEGG通路富集分析。结果显示,共获得40.99 Gb有效碱基,筛选后共得到795个差异表达基因,其中,229个基因表达上调,566个基因表达下调,对随机选取的10个基因进行q-PCR验证,其相对表达量与转录表达谱一致。GO功能注释主要涉及G蛋白偶联核苷酸受体活性和G蛋白偶联嘌呤核苷酸受体活性等。KEGG通路富集分析发现,主要富集在TNF信号通路、IL-17信号通路、p53信号通路、FOXO信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路、NF-κB信号通路等。产气荚膜梭菌外泌毒素侵入机体,会激活TNF等炎性信号通路,进而造成肠道发生炎性损伤甚至坏死。     

产气荚膜梭菌β2毒素研究进展

产气荚膜梭菌是引起各种动物坏死性肠炎和肠毒血症的主要病原菌之一,该菌可以产生15种以上的毒素,α、β、ε、ι毒素、肠毒素及β2毒素等被认为是主要致病性毒素,其中β2毒素被推测在该病致病过程中起着重要作用。近年来,国内外对β2毒素的研究正在逐步深入和完善。论文就产气荚膜梭菌β2毒素的分子结构特征、生物学特征、致病性及免疫原性等方面的研究进展进行论述。     

A型产气荚膜梭菌灭活疫苗类毒素含量与疫苗攻毒保护率之间的平行关系研究

测定了制苗菌液中外毒素对小白鼠的最小致死量,并将该制苗菌液按《兽用生物制品规程》（以下简称《规程》）[1]方法制成A型产气荚膜梭菌灭活疫苗,按《规程》方法进行安全和效力检验。结果表明：6批疫苗安全检验全部合格;疫苗保护率与疫苗中类毒素含量呈正相关。     

奥利亚罗非鱼3种C型溶菌酶基因的克隆及其序列分析

本研究结合RT-PCR和RACE法获得了奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus)三种C型溶菌酶基因C-1,-2和C-3的全长cDNA.3个基因的cDNA分别为581 bp、662 bp和695 bp,各编码143、156和143个氨基酸(GenBank accession No:EU913095,EU913094和EU836689),相互间氨基酸序列的同源性在63.9%~67.8%之间.3个基因均具有与其它物种C型溶菌酶相同的8个保守半胱氨酸残基和2个活性位点Glu~(35)和Asp~(52),可认为它们均为C型溶菌酶基因.在系统进化树中这3个基因首先与同属高等真骨鱼类的聚类,最后再与低等真骨鱼类的聚类,系统进化关系与传统鱼类分类地位相吻合,显示真骨鱼类C型溶菌酶的进化速度与物种的进化速度基本一致.蛋白分析软件分析显示这3个基因均具有C型溶菌酶的典型结构、相似的蛋白二、三级结构,推测应具有与C型溶菌酶相似的生理功能.但3个基因氨基酸序列间存在一定差异,其中C-1的等电点较低且碱性氨基酸较少,因此3种溶菌酶可能具有生理功能上的差异与分工.     

热纤梭菌内切葡聚糖酶在酿酒酵母细胞表面上展示研究

[目的]对热纤梭菌内切葡聚糖酶进行酿酒酵母细胞表面展示研究,探索降低纤维素酶成本和提高酶活的方法。[方法]通过提取产内切葡聚糖酶的热纤梭菌总DNA,根据热纤梭菌内切葡聚糖酶基因序列和酿酒酵母表面展示质粒载体pYD1上的多克隆位点设计引物,克隆内切葡聚糖酶目的基因,将其连接到酵母表面展示质粒载体pYD1上,构建重组质粒pYD1-CelA,并将其转化入酿酒酵母菌株EBY100中,经诱导表达后,测定表达产物的最适温度和pH,并分析影响其活性的金属离子种类和浓度。[结果]PCR扩增获得1 400bp左右的内切葡聚糖酶CelA基因片段,并成功构建了该基因与酵母表面展示质粒载体pYD1的重组质粒pYD1-CelA。重组质粒转化酿酒酵母菌株EBY100后,在鉴定培养基上测定透明圈的大小得出最佳诱导时间为60 h。表达产物性质的研究结果显示其最适反应温度为50℃,在pH 4.6时酶活性相对较高。[结论]该研究结果为后续对纤维素酶的进一步研究、改造、大量生产及应用奠定了一定的基础。     

Comparative immunogenicity of two bivalent botulinum vaccines

OBJECTIVE: To compare the ability of a new single-dose botulinum vaccine containing a non-mineral oil adjuvant with a single dose of a conventional botulinum vaccine product to produce antibody to Clostridium botulinum types C and D in cattle in Northern Australia. DESIGN AND PROCEDURE: One hundred and fifty Brahman steer weaners were randomly divided into two groups receiving either a single dose of CSL Bivalent Botulinum vaccine or Websters Singvac. Blood samples were collected at 0, 8 and 24 weeks and tested by antibody ELISA. The final samples were also tested by the toxin neutralisation test, to test titres of neutralising antibody. RESULTS: Six months after inoculation, cattle vaccinated with Websters Singvac had ELISA antibody response twice that of CSL conventional product. However, this difference was only evident for neutralising antibody to type C botulinum toxin. Both products produced similar titres of type D neutralising antibody after a single dose. CONCLUSION: Websters' Singvac produces a greater neutralising antibody response to type C botulism upon single inoculation than a conventional vaccine. The product produces an equivalent neutralising antibody response to type D.     

Botulinum Toxins – Cause of Botulism and Systemic Diseases?

Toxins of Clostridium botulinum (types A-G) are known as 'neurotoxins', causing the clinically well-known picture of flaccid muscular paralysis. The molecular biological background is the blocking of acetylcholine secretion in neuromuscular junctions by enzymatic cleavage of molecules forming the machinery of exocytosis. Two 'non-neurotoxins' (types C2, C3) are produced by some strains of C. botulinum types C and D. These affect the cytoskeleton by ribosylating actin filaments. All these toxins are used as cell biological tools for the study of specific actions and effects in different eukaryotic cells. Pharmaceutical and molecular biological research has shown their influence on several crucial organs (or cell cultures thereof) of humans and animals (brain and spinal cord, cerebellum, hippocampus, hypophysis, pancreas, adrenal glands, salivary glands and others). Under natural conditions, botulinum toxins may pass the intestinal barrier and circulate in the bloodstream for a certain time. Carriers occurring naturally in food, such as wheat germ agglutinin, digitonin or saponin, and bacterial toxins such as streptolysin O, perfringolysins, C2 toxin or botulinolysin may also form pores in cell walls. They facilitate the entry of botulinum toxins into cells that may not have natural binding receptors. It is concluded that in vivo actions of different botulinum toxins after their entry into the organism may contribute to the onset of different diseases of hitherto cryptogenic origin. Some examples are given and future problems are discussed.     

Tylosin-responsive chronic diarrhea in dogs

Fourteen dogs had shown chronic or intermittent diarrhea for more than 1 year. Diarrhea had been successfully treated with tylosin for at least 6 months but recurred when treatment was withdrawn on at least 2 occasions. Tylosin-responsive diarrhea (TRD) affects typically middle-aged, large-breed dogs and clinical signs indicate that TRD affects both the small and large intestine. Treatment with tylosin eliminated diarrhea in all dogs within 3 days and in most dogs within 24 hours. Tylosin administration controlled diarrhea in all dogs, but after it was discontinued, diarrhea reappeared in 12 (85.7%) of 14 dogs within 30 days. Prednisone given for 3 days did not completely resolve diarrhea. Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG did not prevent the relapse of diarrhea in any of 9 dogs so treated. The etiology of TRD, a likely form of antibiotic-responsive diarrhea (ARD) is unclear. The following reasons for chronic diarrhea were excluded or found to be unlikely: parasites, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, enteropathogenic bacteria (Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Yersinia spp., or Lawsoni intracellularis), and Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile A toxin. A possible etiologic factor is a specific enteropathogenic organism that is a common resident in the canine gastrointestinal tract and is sensitive to tylosin but difficult to eradicate. Additional studies are required to identify the specific cause of TRD.     

Bacteria of Pathogenic Importance in Faeces from Cadavers of Free-ranging or Corralled Semi-domesticated Reindeer in Northern Norway

There is little information on bacteria that have the potential to cause disease in reindeer husbandry. In this project, faecal samples from 35 free-ranging or corralled reindeer, adults and calves, that died in the winter of 2000 in northern Norway, were examined for the occurrence of Campylobacter spp., Clostridium perfringens, Listeria spp., Salmonella spp. and Yersinia spp. to evaluate the role of these microrganisms in loss and mortality in reindeer husbandry. In addition, 31 of these samples were examined for the occurrence of bacteria producing shigatoxin-1 and 2. C. perfringens was isolated in 20 (57.1%) of the faecal samples. In the free-ranging reindeer, 44% were positive carriers of C. perfringens and 90% of the corralled ones were positive for C. perfringens. In addition, the gene encoding for shigatoxin-1 was detected in one of the samples derived from a corralled reindeer. The other bacteria investigated were not found. Shigatoxin-1-producing bacteria were isolated for the first time from reindeer in Norway. However, no correlation between C. perfringens or shigatoxin-1-producing bacteria and mortality in the reindeer could be established.