碳平衡法测量汽油车燃油消耗量的研究

针对当前车辆燃油消耗量测量操作不便的问题,根据碳平衡法油耗量原理,建立了采用流量计的碳平衡法油车油耗测量模型及测量系统,并在实车上进行了试验验证,结果表明：该方法具有较高的精度及稳定性,为车辆耗油量的不解体测量提供了理论依据及应用可能性。     

长江中下游地区温室内温湿度预测模型的研究

该文利用传热学理论,以温室热平衡模型为基础,分析了温室内温度和湿度的动态模型,并以此建立了室内温湿度预测模型.最后,作者通过SR5.2型连栋塑料温室的实验研究,求出该模型参数,为实现智能温室前馈控制奠定基础.     

控制淋洗条件下土壤-花椰菜体系无机氮动态及平衡

在北京郊区中壤质潮土上设置田间试验。结果表明:花椰菜获最大产量的氮供应量为300kghm-2。生育期花椰菜主要吸收表层(0～30cm)土壤中的无机氮,对下层(30～60cm)土壤无机氮(Nmin)的利用随氮供应量的增加而减少。不同生育期0～60cm土层中无机氮(Nmin)含量均随氮供应量增加而增加,但施肥后土壤中最高无机氮(Nmin)含量出现的时间随氮供应量增加而延迟。花椰菜生育期土壤有机氮矿化速率随生长期延长而增加,平均达N1.3kghm-2d-1,相当于各处理总吸氮量的47.5%～89.2%。试验后0～30cm及30～60cm土层无机氮(Nmin)含量随氮供应量增加而明显增加,但60～90cm土层无机氮(Nmin)受氮供应的影响不明显。花椰菜当季氮肥利用率及氮素利用率随施氮量增加而降低,最佳产量时的氮肥利用率及氮素利用率分别为36.5%和50.8%。土壤-花椰菜体系氮素表观损失量随氮施用水平的增加而明显增加,但其占总氮供应(肥料氮+播前土壤氮)的比例受氮供应的影响不明显,大致为20%。     

紫色丘陵区县级农田养分平衡与土壤养分变化趋势研究—以四川省犍为县为例

根据有关统计资料、实地调查和土壤分析数据,采用典型抽样法,以犍为县为例,研究了近14年(1985～1999年)来该县农田养分平衡与土壤养分变化的趋势。结果表明:20世纪90年代以后,农田氮素由持平转向盈余;磷素全面扭亏为盈,盈余率已超出50%;钾素一直处于大比例亏缺状态。通过1981年和2000年的土壤主要养分含量对比研究,获得了近20年来土壤养分动态变化的基本趋势,以及农田养分平衡状况对土壤养分变化的影响,并针对农田养分平衡与土壤养分变化的趋势,提出了四川紫色丘陵区县级农田养分平衡与土壤养分变化的相应调控对策和措施。     

青藏高原农田生态系统碳平衡

为探讨青藏高原农田生态系统碳平衡规律及其影响因子 ,并揭示其对全球含碳温室气体源、汇变化的贡献与响应 ,1 998～ 1 999连续 2年在拉萨农业生态站农田用静态箱法和生物量取样法开展土壤—植被界面CO2 吸收与排放的试验研究。农作物生长季 ,以冬小麦为例 ,生长前期 (从播种到拔节 )土壤碳排放量高于植被碳固定 ,生长后期 (灌浆到成熟 )则是植被碳固定高于土壤碳排放量 ,从全年来看 ,土壤碳排放量略高于植被碳固定     

高寒矮嵩草草甸地面热源强度及与生物量关系的初步研究

在青藏高原海北高寒矮嵩草草甸地区,依据2002年涡度相关法观测的能量平衡各分量资料和6-10月植物地上、地下生物量测定值,分析了高寒矮嵩草草甸近地表热量平衡、地面热源强度的变化特征,讨论了地面热源强度与植物生物量季节变化过程中的相互关系。结果表明:在青藏高原海北高寒矮嵩草草甸地区,年内地面均为热源,热源强度季节变化明显,地面热源强度年平均为88.5 W/m2;地上生物量季节变化与热源强度具有显著的正相关关系,而地下生物量季节变化与热源强度关系不明显。     

25年来种植业结构调整驱动的县域养分平衡状况的变化——以山东惠民县为例

本文以山东省惠民县为例,采用1984年全国第二次土壤普查和2004年土壤调查的实测数据以及历年农户调查结果和统计数据,系统分析了过去25年来惠民县种植业结构调整对该县养分平衡和土壤养分特征的影响。结果表明,惠民县种植业结构由以粮棉为主演变为以棉粮菜为主;该县的养分平衡状况为氮盈余6089～19405t,磷盈余259～7001t,钾亏缺2532～6712t;该县土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、速效磷含量分别增加了57%、22%、303%,速效钾含量则降低了6%。种植业结构的改变影响了农田氮、磷、钾养分的投入,进而影响到整个县域的养分收支平衡和土壤的养分含量,因此如何合理进行作物种植布局并优化不同种植体系的施肥技术将成为今后区域农业生产优质高效的主要方向。     

Predictions of soil water and crop growth dynamics using the agroecosystem models THESEUS and OPUS

The agroecosystem models THESEUS and OPUS were tested with data obtained from three agricultural experimental field plots on sandy soils without groundwater located at the moraine landscape in East Brandenburg, Germany. At each of these plots, a separate agricultural management practice was applied. Measurements of soil water contents, pressure heads, above‐ground crop biomass, and crop yield from these three plots were compared with the corresponding simulation results of both models. The comparisons of simulated with measured outputs were analyzed using the modeling‐efficiency index IA. According to these analyses, both models simulated adequately the time courses of volumetric soil water contents and above‐ground crop biomass, but the time courses of pressure heads were predicted with a lower quality by both models. As for the pressure heads, the yields simulated with both models showed greater discrepancies in comparison with the observed ones. This indicates the need of a site‐specific parameter calibration of the crop‐growth modules, especially for that included in OPUS .     

唐山市沙流河镇水资源供需平衡优化分析

运用系统论和线性目标规划法,结合唐山市沙流河镇实证研究,构建小城镇水资源供需平衡优化数学模型,剖析该镇水资源供需矛盾,提出水资源供需平衡优化方案。结果显示,沙流河镇水资源补给总量为1490.55万m³·a^-1,若对水资源利用量不加约束,2001、2005和2010年沙流河镇用水总量分别达到2352.73万m³、2429.73万m³和2491.72万m³;水资源超采量分别达到862.18万m³、939.18万m³和1001.17万m³;其中农业用水量最大,占90%以上。鉴于农业用水比重大、利用效率低,提出沙流河镇实施、推广节水灌溉技术和积极退耕还林等节水措施。经过逐年逼近平衡的办法,到2010年沙流河镇水资源量可以节余63.32万m³,基本实现全镇水资源供需平衡。     

Irrigation practices may affect denitrification more than nitrogen mineralization in warm climatic conditions

Predicting the impact of irrigation practices on soil N mineralization and N balance is an important issue to optimize N fertilization and reduce the N losses towards the environment. The effect of summer irrigation on N dynamics was investigated in two arable fields in Southern France. Net N mineralization was assessed by combining frequent measurements of water and mineral N contents in soil and the use of a calculation model (LIXIM). It was first calculated assuming that denitrification was negligible. This hypothesis led to inconsistent results, apparent net N mineralized being smaller under irrigated than non-irrigated conditions and net mineralization kinetics being erratic. The occurrence of denitrification was confirmed by the use of ¹⁵NO₃ tracing in an experiment carried out in summer, including three irrigated treatments. The average ¹⁵N recovery varied from 45% to 85% and was smallest in the most frequently irrigated treatment. Over the 8-week experiment, the N losses varied from 30 to 38 kg ha⁻¹ in the irrigated treatments. They were satisfactorily simulated by a simple denitrification model (NEMIS). Combining the LIXIM model and the simulated or calculated denitrification allowed to predict satisfactorily the evolution of soil mineral N accounting for the effects of temperature and moisture. The net N mineralized for 8 weeks varied from 34 kg N ha⁻¹ in the un-irrigated to 46 kg N ha⁻¹ in the irrigated treatments. The drying–rewetting cycles did not induce a flush of N mineralization. Our results suggest that denitrification has to be accounted for in irrigated systems, particularly in warm conditions and when the topsoil contains high nitrate contents.