万寿菊提取物对松材线虫的毒杀作用

用乙醇提取万寿菊Tagetes erecta的不同部位的粗提物,然后用浸泡生测的方法测定对松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus的生物活性。结果表明,万寿菊的根、茎、花的乙醇粗提物对松材线虫的活性较强,0.010 g·L^－1质量浓度以上处理72 h后发现,校正死亡率都能达到60%以上,其中万寿菊根的乙醇粗提物的活性最强,校正死亡率超过90%。万寿菊的各部分粗提物的得率都达到5%以上,这为利用植物提取物来毒杀松材线虫提供了初步的理论依据。图1表1参13     

黑松冠层节肢动物群落的组成与结构

2006年5-9月,采用枝条套袋取样技术对浙江省舟山市松材线虫病Bursaphelenchus xylophilus疫区内黑松Pinus thunbergii冠层节肢动物群落的组成和结构进行了研究。结果表明：供调查的黑松冠层中,共有节肢动物12目45科95种,共计3 077个个体。其中捕食性昆虫类群有10科17种89头,食叶害虫类群11科16种1 477个,枝梢害虫类群8科18种1 186个,蜘蛛类群11科33种287只,游走性类群5科13种38个。主要害虫种类有浙江黑松叶蜂Nesodiprion zhejiangensis,草履蚧Drosicha corpulenta,松沫蝉 Aphrophora flavipes,松褐天牛 Monochamus alternatus等。各功能集团主要分布在树冠的中下层,除捕食性昆虫外,总群落及其他各类群对方位的选择性较小,捕食性昆虫主要分布在向阳的东部、南部和西部。以食叶害虫和枝梢害虫为主的害虫类群在5月份的优势集中性最高,在7月物种丰富度最高,6－8月危害最为严重。而蜘蛛类和捕食性昆虫等捕食性类群在调查的各个月份中的优势集中性均比较稳定,仅在8月有所降低。图3表1参23     

松材线虫病程中树体内线虫和细菌种群数量的动态变化

越来越多的证据证明松材线虫病是由松材线虫和线虫携带的细菌共同引起的。本文对接种松材线虫后黑松的不同发病阶段 ,树体内非接种枝上的线虫、细菌的种类及数量变化动态进行了研究 ,结果表明 ,非接种枝上 ,在病树出现少量黄色针叶时 ,能有细菌检出 ;较多黄色和褐色针叶时 ,线虫才开始出现 ,细菌开始增多 ;至发病后期 ,病树基本枯死时 ,线虫和细菌数量迅速增加。对发病过程中出现的细菌种类鉴定表明 ,发病中期 ,细菌种类比较单一 ,随着病情的发展 ,细菌不但数量迅速增加 ,而且种类也增多 ,但优势菌群为荧光假单胞菌、假单胞菌 不动杆菌、泛菌属和少动鞘氨醇单胞杆菌     

Reproductive success of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and B. mucronatus under Finnish summer temperature conditions

The objectives of this study were to determine the reproductive potential and the time required for completion of the life cycle of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus under Finnish summer temperature conditions. The reproductive success of B. xylophilus was compared with the potential of a Finnish isolate of B. mucronatus. The latter appeared more successful in reproduction particularly when cultured on Finns syhestris wood.     

辽宁携带松材线虫的天牛种类研究

目的 对辽宁松材线虫病发生区内天牛种类及其体内携带松材线虫的数量进行了调查和研究,旨在明确辽宁松材线虫媒介昆虫的种类及携带松材线虫的数量,对辽宁疫区松材线虫病防控技术的研究提供参考。 方法 2018年至2019年连续两年,从5月上旬至9月下旬天牛羽化期,在辽宁省抚顺、大连、丹东和本溪4个松材线虫发生区进行林间调查,收集诱捕器内收集到的天牛成虫,带回实验室进行形态学观察和鉴定,并统计每一种的数量,2020年4月在抚顺大伙房林场调查云杉花墨天牛成虫携带松材线虫的数量,收集包网疫木内初羽化的云杉花墨天牛成虫,活体剪碎,采用贝曼式漏斗法分离其体内携带的线虫。并对线虫进行形态学和基因组学鉴定。 结果 表明,在辽宁省松材线虫病发生区共调查到9种松树天牛,分别是云杉花墨天牛、松褐天牛、褐梗天牛、脊鞘幽天牛、松皮花天牛、小灰长角天牛、双簇污天牛、灰长角天牛和钩突土天牛。其中,能够携带松材线虫的天牛共计有4种：云杉花墨天牛、松褐天牛、褐梗天牛和脊鞘幽天牛。云杉花墨天牛携带松材线虫数量的试验中,共检测了160头从疫木内羽化的云杉花墨天牛,平均携带量为513.69条·头−1,最大携带量为10060条·头−1。 结论 根据林间诱捕天牛的数量及其体内携带松材线虫的数量,证实云杉花墨天牛为辽宁松材线虫病发生区内数量最多的天牛种群,并推测其为辽宁疫区松材线虫的主要传播媒介。大连市松材线虫发生区内褐梗天牛种群数量较多,但其是否为传播媒介尚未有定论,目前大连市松材线虫主要媒介昆虫为松褐天牛。     

松材中两种重要线虫比较的研究

松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)和拟松材线虫(B.mucronatus)被进一步证明是两个不同的种。除表现致病力差异外,形态上具有明显的不同特征,特别是前者交合伞卵圆形,后者平截形;生理学试验表明二者不能交配产生后代;生物化学方面的差异是:酯酶凝胶电泳中松材线虫酯酶带3条,迁移率分别为0.42、0.45、0.49;而拟松材线虫只1条酯酶带,迁移率为0.65。二者脂肪酸总量、不饱和度、短链和长链脂肪酸含量都有明显的差异。     

松材线虫纤维素酶的分离纯化及性质研究

以浙江省松材线虫病疫区马尾松样品中分离得到的松材线虫为研究对象,对其分泌物中纤维素酶的活力和酶学性质进行分析,并与试验筛选出的伴生真菌所分泌的纤维素酶进行对比。试验结果证明,两者在酶促反应最适温度、酶促反应最适pH值、金属离子对酶活力影响方面均有明显差异。     

(拟)松材线虫耐久型四龄幼虫(LⅣ)的形态及其分化变异

本文对浙江省宁波市松材线虫病疫区内的松材线虫和拟松材线虫的耐久型四龄幼虫(LⅣ)的形态及其分化变异作了观察研究.结果表明,松墨天牛成虫体内携带的松材线虫和拟松材线虫的LⅣ在形态上完全相同;同一来源的(拟)松材线虫的LⅣ既可发育形成松材线虫,也可形成拟松材线虫.它的分化变异结果受寄主等环境因子影响,规律是:带尾尖突的LⅣ离开松墨天牛成虫进入黑松多变为无尾尖突的松材线虫;进入马尾松多变为带尾尖突的拟松材线虫.     

Sublethal infection of different pine species by the pinewood nematode

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pinewood nematode and causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD), is a globally destructive pine pest. PWD is favoured by high temperatures and drought, but B. xylophilus can also persist in symptomless hosts in areas not prone to PWD. We compared seedlings of different Pinus species that were inoculated with B. xylophilus when well-watered and under moderate temperatures, conditions that favour sublethal infections. We compared isolates of B. xylophilus in south-west Europe (Portugal) and south-east USA (Louisiana). P. pinea, P. pinaster, and P. radiata were challenged in both areas with inoculations of local B. xylophilus. P. sylvestris in Portugal and P. palustris in Louisiana were also tested. Seedling mortality was low, as expected, but nematode establishment was common. There were higher nematode densities and more damage in seedlings of P. sylvestris and P. radiata, followed by P. pinaster, with P. pinea and P. palustris proving to be more tolerant. Life history of hosts was a better predictor of resistance to B. xylophilus than geographical origin, even under sublethal conditions. Fast-growing species (P. radiata and P. pinaster) appeared most likely to be symptomless carriers in areas not prone to the development of PWD. Cold-adapted species (P. sylvestris) may still be suitable hosts for the pathogen, even at the sublethal conditions of their distribution areas. There were more nematodes per gram of host using nematode isolates from Portugal. Nonetheless, our results opposed the hypothesis that North American pinewood nematodes have such low virulence that they are obligatorily saprophytic.