密集烘烤定色期烟叶类胡萝卜素降解及相关酶活性变化

 【目的】研究密集烘烤定色阶段烤烟类胡萝卜素降解及相关酶活性的变化,为密集烤房烘烤工艺优化和完善提供理论依据。【方法】采用河南农业大学设计的电热式温湿自控密集烤烟箱,按照低温中湿变黄、中湿定色烘烤工艺,对比研究定色期不同升温速度对类胡萝卜素各组分含量变化及相关酶活性的影响。【结果】类胡萝卜素含量随烘烤过程推进逐渐降低,慢速升温烘烤（T1）类胡萝卜素各组分（β-胡萝卜素、叶黄素、新黄质、紫黄质）降解量相对较大,比快速升温烘烤（T2）分别高10 %、2 %、32 %和32 %,但处理间差异不显著（P＞0.05）。烘烤条件对酶活性影响显著,并且脂氧合酶（LOX）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）对烟叶烘烤质量的影响是双向的,定色前期相对较高的酶活性有利于生成更多的香气前体物质。【结论】慢速升温定色能很好地调控各种酶活性的变化,使细胞氧化还原反应达到一种动态平衡,使类胡萝卜素充分降解,又能避免酶促棕色化反应的发生,为进一步改善烟叶品质和优化密集烤房增香工艺提供参考。     

密集烘烤关键温度点稳温时间对烤烟理化性状的影响

针对密集烘烤存在的干物质降解不充分和香气物质不足的问题,以K326品种为材料,在湖南省浏阳市开展了密集烘烤关键温度点稳温时间对烤后烟叶物理特性和化学成分影响研究.结果表明,在烟叶变黄期和定色期适当增加稳温时间,可增大烟叶收缩形变,降低叶质重,降低单叶重,增加烟叶疏松性,降低烟叶淀粉含量,增加总糖和还原糖含量.但过度延长稳温时间,将导致烟叶内含物消耗过多,降低烟叶品质.对中部和上部烟叶,在变黄期的38℃稳温24h和42℃稳温16 h,在定色期的47℃稳温18h和54℃稳温16 h为适宜;对下部烟叶,在变黄期的38℃稳温15 h和42℃稳温16 h,在定色期的45℃稳温12 h和54℃稳温16 h为适宜.     

粉煤灰不同掺量对混凝土碳化的影响

对于不同养护龄期、不同粉煤灰掺量及不同水胶比对混凝土碳化的影响进行研究,混凝土的碳化深度与碳化龄期之间的关系可用幂函数D=αTβ进行曲线回归分析,且相关性较好。结果表明,随着粉煤灰掺量及水胶比的增大,混凝土的碳化越严重;混凝土养护龄期越长,混凝土的抗碳化性越好。养护不充分时,高掺量粉煤灰混凝土后期碳化增长速率快;养护较充分时,粉煤灰掺量越小,混凝土早期抗碳化性越好,粉煤灰掺量越大,混凝土后期碳化增长速率越慢。当养护较充分时,水胶比为0.35,粉煤灰掺量为45%时,粉煤灰混凝土抗碳化性较好,能满足工程要求。     

不同密集烘烤工艺对烤后烟叶质量的影响

为进一步优化密集烘烤工艺,在湖北中烟公司原料基地进行了优化密集烘烤工艺与常规烘烤工艺的对比试验,并对烤后烟叶质量进行了对比研究.结果表明:优化密集烘烤工艺与常规工艺相比,显著改善了烤后烟叶的评吸质量、外观质量和等级结构,烤后烟叶化学成分含量较为协调,优化的密集烘烤工艺显著提高了烤后烟叶的工业可用性.     

密集烘烤优化工艺对烤烟品质的影响及经济效益分析

[目的]研究优化后的烘烤工艺对烟叶品质的影响及其经济效益。[方法]通过对常规密集烘烤工艺进行优化,探讨其对烤后烟叶质量及耗能成本的影响。[结果]采用优化后的密集烘烤工艺烘烤,其上等烟率和橘黄烟率明显提高,而微带青烟率、青黄烟率和烟叶淀粉含量明显下降,烟碱含量也有所下降,烟叶糖碱比趋于协调;烤后烟叶感官评吸质量较好,表现为刺激性较小、劲头较足、余味较舒适;其烘烤耗煤和耗电成本高于常规烘烤工艺,但其烤后烟叶均价明显提高,扣除耗能成本后的经济效益比常规烧烤工艺平均增加12.09%。[结论]优化后的工艺明显提高了烟叶外观等级质量和内在品质,经济效益明显高于常规密集烘烤工艺。     

Data modeling to facilitate internal traceability at a grain elevator

Data management in food supply chains to facilitate product traceability has gained importance in recent years. This paper presents a relational database model to facilitate internal traceability at a grain elevator, which is one of the first nodes in a food supply chain. This approach for modeling traceability information in bulk food supply chains has not been studied in past. At an elevator, grain lots (inbound deliveries) are blended to meet buyer specifications, and individual lot identity is not maintained. As a result, an outbound shipment to a customer likely contains grain from many different sources. In a food safety related emergency, tracing the source of a problem or tracking other affected shipments would be nearly impossible. An efficient internal data management system could mitigate these problems by recording all grain lot transformations/activities, including movement, aggregation, segregation, and destruction as well as supplier and customer information. In this paper, a relational database management system is proposed that stores all necessary information, including product and quality information, related to the grain lots in order to enable product traceability. The system can be queried to retrieve information related to incoming, internal and outgoing lots and to retrieve information that connects the individual incoming grain lots to an outgoing shipment. Furthermore, this system can be used both to trace back to the source of a given lot and to track information about previously shipped lots forward. In addition to traceability application, the information stored in this database provides a comprehensive dataset for many applications including mass flow optimization, resource optimization and improved operational efficiency of the grain elevator.     

纳米涂料对密集烤房烘烤性能及烟叶质量的影响

 研究纳米材料涂抹密集烤房装烟室和加热室内壁对烤房烘烤性能和烟叶质量的影响,为烘烤环境的优化和完善提供理论依据。结果表明：密集烤房的装烟室和加热室内壁涂抹纳米涂料后,烤房内垂直和平面温差分别降低1.5℃和1.7℃,缩短烘烤时间15h,降低烘烤能耗0.32元/kg,提高烤后烟叶上、中等烟叶质量6.2%,均价提高了1.03元/kg,并且明显地改善了上部烟叶外观质量。     

Physical properties of pellets made from sorghum stalk, corn stover, wheat straw, and big bluestem

Densification of biomass feedstocks, such as pelleting, can increase bulk density, improve storability, reduce transportation costs, and make these materials easier to handle using existing handling and storage equipment for grains. The objectives of this research were to study (1) the physical properties of pellets made from corn stover, sorghum stalk, wheat straw, and big bluestem, (2) the effect of moisture content on bulk density, true density, and durability of the biomass pellets, and (3) the effect of hammer mill screen size and die thickness on bulk density, true density, and durability of the pellets. Biomass pelleting can significantly improve the bulk density from 47 to 60 kg/m³ for biomass grinds to 360 to 500 kg/m³ for biomass pellets. Of the four types of biomass pellets, wheat straw pellets had the highest bulk density value of 495.8 kg/m³, and sorghum stalk pellets had the lowest bulk density value of 365.2 kg/m³. An increase in moisture level resulted in a decrease in bulk density and true density of the pellets. The effect of moisture content on durability of the pellets made from corn stover, wheat straw, and big bluestem showed a similar trend; the maximum durability value was 96.8% at the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) range of 9% (d.b.) to 14% (d.b.) for corn stover and wheat straw, and 9% (d.b.) to 11% (d.b.) for big bluestem. A further increase in EMC value resulted in a decrease in pellet durability. For sorghum stalk pellets, the durability value increased initially with increased EMC and reached a maximum of 89.5% at EMC values between 14% (d.b.) and 16% (d.b.). Use of a larger hammer mill screen size (from 3.2 mm to 6.5 mm screen openings) resulted in increases of bulk density, true density, and durability of biomass pellets, but not in significant levels. Use of a thicker die size (from 31.8 mm to 44.5 mm in thickness) resulted in significant increase of bulk density, true density, and durability of biomass pellets.     

紫外线光固化竹粉/丙烯酸酯复合材料的性能

为提高木塑复合材料制备效率、节约能源,丰富和完善木塑复合材料的制备技术,通过紫外线光(UV)固化技术制备竹粉/丙烯酸酯复合材料,并研究了竹粉含量对竹粉/丙烯酸酯复合材料动态力学性能、弯曲性能、吸水率的影响。结果表明,竹粉与丙烯酸酯能较好地生成交联网络结构,改善竹粉/丙烯酸酯复合材料的物理性能,其弯曲性能随着竹粉含量增加而增强,并在竹粉含量20%时达到最大值,之后逐渐变弱。竹粉/丙烯酸酯复合材料的储能模量随竹粉含量增加而增加,但竹粉含量超过20%时其储能模量开始下降;竹粉的加入导致竹粉/丙烯酸酯复合材料的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)从84℃提高到105℃。竹粉/丙烯酸酯复合材料具有良好的耐水性,经沸水浸泡后,其吸水率变化不大。当竹粉含量为20%时,竹粉/丙烯酸酯复合材料具有较佳的物理性能:弯曲强度39.4 MPa,弯曲模量2 800 MPa,吸水率5.95%。     

烟叶烘烤过程中流水线烤房的空气介质分析

【目的】了解流水线烤房烘烤介质中温度、相对湿度以及风速的变化,明确各参数之间的影响。【方法】以8隧道30m流水线烤烟烤房为研究对象,测定烘烤过程中的温度、相对湿度和风速。【结果】1)流水线烤房烘烤过程中变黄期时间为40~47h,定色期时间为43~48h,干筋期时间45~52h。2)在烤烟烘烤过程中,流水线烤房的Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区与Ⅵ区4路烟叶的温度无显著性差异,Ⅲ区~Ⅴ区4路烟叶表现为两侧温度大于中间温度;各区段4路烟叶的相对湿度有相对较大差异;整个烘烤过程叶间隙风速的变化趋势比较复杂,总体表现为C路烟叶的叶间隙风速最小,两侧烟叶的风速保持在较高水平;但各路烟的烘烤环境均能满足烘烤需求,且烤后烟的品质差异不大。3)各区段流水线烤房内的风速对温湿度的变化有不同程度影响。4)与普通密集烤房相比,流水线烤房能够提高烟叶品质,降低光滑烟的比例。【结论】流水线烤房能够很好地满足当前烟叶生产的需求,进一步提高烟叶生产的经济效益。