利用SNP高密度遗传连锁图谱定位甘蓝型油菜种子硫苷含量的QTL

种子硫苷在甘蓝型油菜中有着重要的生物学作用和经济价值。本文旨在通过复合区间作图法利用高密度SNP遗传连锁图谱定位种子硫苷的QTL。用近红外扫描获得种子硫苷含量,每株系扫描3次,取平均值。所用的高密度SNP遗传图谱包含2795个SNP多态性标记位点,图谱总长1832.9 cM,相邻标记间平均距离为0.66 cM。定位了2年的种子硫苷含量QTL,其中有5个在2年内被重复检测到,分别分布在A03、A09和C02染色体上,LOD阈值在2.90~10.40之间。这些QTL在2011和2012年试验中分别解释了56.9%和55.1%的表型变异。另外有5个QTL仅在其中一年被检测到,这些QTL能够解释4.1%~7.9%的表型变异,QTL阈值在2.53~3.83之间。     

高产优质甘蓝型核不育杂交种双油杂1号的选育

双油杂1号是河南省农业科学院经济作物研究所选育的高产优质半冬性隐性核不育甘蓝型油菜两系杂交种。该品种农艺性状优良、抗寒、抗倒伏、较耐菌核病、抗病毒病。在2年河南省油菜区域试验中平均单产2731.2kg/hm2,比对照杂98009增产8.58%。在河南省油菜生产试验中,双油杂1号平均单产2489.1kg/hm2,比对照杂交种杂98009增产3.93％。品质优良,芥酸含量0.1％,硫甙含量18.85μmol/g饼,含油量40.96％,品质符合国家标准。     

甘蓝型油菜ACCase、 DGAT2和PEPC基因对氮素用量的应答

氮肥是生长发育需要的重要营养元素之一。为了研究氮肥对油菜蛋白与油脂含量以及其合成相关基因表达水平的影响,本研究以品种中双11和Parter（德国）为材料,检测N 0、 90、 180和270 kg/hm2氮肥水平下种子含油量和蛋白质含量,并检测ACCase,DGAT2和PEPC基因在施氮肥（N 180 kg/hm2）和未施氮肥植株不同发育时期种子中的表达水平。结果发现,随施氮量增加,含油量降低,蛋白质含量增加,且Parter含油量下降程度明显高于中双11。授粉后725 d, ACCase和DGAT2的表达水平在两个品种施氮和未施氮条件下均无明显变化; 授粉后31d,施氮与未施氮相比,两个基因在中双11中的表达量分别下降1倍和12倍,而在Parter中的表达量均上升约1倍。在施氮条件下,PEPC基因在两个品种的表达高峰期均提前,中双11由授粉后31 d提前到13 d,Parter由13 d提前到7 d,说明3个基因对氮肥的响应存在基因型的差异。     

缓释肥一次性侧位深施对红壤旱地直播油菜产量形成和肥料利用的影响

为明确红壤旱地直播油菜(Brassica napusL.)缓释肥(N-P2O5-K2O=25-7-8)一次性侧位深施效果及适宜用量,2017-2020年在典型的红壤丘陵区(江西进贤)开展缓释肥施用方式对比试验(不施肥、一次性土表撒施和一次性侧位深施)和施用量试验(0、300、450、600、750和900 kg· hm...     

种肥播施方式对红壤旱地油菜产量及肥料利用率的影响

In order to explicit proper sowing and fertilizing methods of rapeseed production in red-soil dryland, a two-year field experiment covering two rapeseed seasons (2017-2018 and 2018-2019) was conducted with four treatments of sowing and fertilizing methods to analyze the impact on yield formation and fertilizer use efficiency of rapeseed, including conventional sowing and fertilizing method (T1), sowing in row with surface broadcast fertilizing (T2), synchronous sowing in uniform row with side deep fertilizing (T3) and synchronous sowing in wide-narrow row with side deep fertilizing (T4). The results were as follows: The yield and fertilizer use efficiency of rapeseed in red-soil dryland were significantly affected by sowing and fertilizing methods. Besides, these differences were more significant in poor soil condition and drought season (2017-2018) than those in nutrient-rich soil condition and rainy season (2018-2019). Compared with T1 and T2, T3 and T4 promoted the yield formation and increased its fertilizer use efficiency significantly, whereas there was no significant difference between T3 and T4. Specifically, the technique of synchronous drilling sowing with side deep fertilizing could improve dry matter production during the whole growth period of rapeseed, especially from anthesis to maturity, with a corresponding rise of dry matter accumulation of both underground and aboveground after anthesis. Meanwhile, compared with the conventional cultivation, the technique of synchronous drilling sowing with side deep fertilizing increased the uptake of nutrients (N, P and K), effective plant density and maintained sufficient pod number, and thus improved the yield and fertilizer use efficiency of rapeseed. This study indicated that the technique of synchronous drilling sowing with side deep fertilizing had the potential of improving rapeseed productivity in red-soil dryland of southern China. Therefore, it should be suggested to promote the application according to local condition.     

甘蓝型油菜Pol CMS育性恢复基因的RAPD标记

采用恢、 保回交群体和集团分离分析(BSA), 筛选了860个10 mer随机引物, 找到了与甘蓝型油菜波里马细胞质雄性不育系(Pol cms)育性恢复基因(Rf)连锁的两个RAPD标记AH19690和AI16830。 它们位于Rf的一侧,与该基因的遗传图距分别为5.9 cM和13.6 cM,两标记间的遗传图距为7.8 cM。这两个RAPD标记的发掘,为进一步利用分子标记     

草除灵对甘蓝型油菜苗期生理生化及超微结构的影响

为探明草除灵作用的生理机制及其胁迫下不同甘蓝型油菜品种的耐性差异机制,以浙大619、浙大622为试验材料,对苗期油菜叶面喷施不同浓度的草除灵,采用生理生化分析方法、叶绿素荧光技术和超显微技术,探究草除灵对甘蓝型油菜苗期生理生化特性以及超微结构的影响。结果表明,低浓度(2.5 g·L~(-1))的草除灵对2个油菜品种的生长无显著影响,当草除灵浓度大于5.0 g·L~(-1)时,随着处理浓度的升高,油菜生长受抑制的程度逐渐增加,净光合速率、叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光值显著下降,抗氧化酶系统的活性降低,膜脂过氧化加剧,活性氧积累增多,叶绿体、线粒体等叶肉细胞超微结构受损,且浙大619的抗草除灵胁迫能力高于较敏感品种浙大622。因此,本研究明确了草除灵对甘蓝型油菜安全性的影响,这对该除草剂的田间推广应用具有重要意义。     

Impact of sulfur applications on the agronomic performance of rapeseed–clover mixtures

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a crop requiring high levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer for growth and to optimize yield and seed quality. To limit the environmental pollution associated with intensive N fertilizer use, rapeseed–clover (Trititcum incarnatum L.) mixtures were grown in lysimeters under low N conditions (100 kg N ha⁻¹). Considering the high sulfur (S) requirements of both rapeseed and clover, two inputs of S fertilizer (30 and 60 kg S ha⁻¹) were applied. The effects S input on the agronomic performance of rapeseed in mixture and monocrops considered as reference, the N₂‐fixing capacity of clover, and the leaching of nitrate and sulfate were monitored. This study showed that the N₂‐fixing capacity (%Ndfa) of clover was improved (1.3‐fold) when it was grown in mixture with rapeseed at S60. However, irrespective of the type of cropping (monocrops or mixtures) and S application level (30 or 60 kg S ha⁻¹), the biomasses and total N and S contents of both plants were not significantly different, nor was the rapeseed seed quality. Moreover, the yield of rapeseed grown in mixture at S60 was significantly lower than the yield of rapeseed grown as a monocrop (331.5 ± 9.8 versus 380.8 ± 3.5 g DW m⁻², respectively). The results demonstrate that, in our field conditions, rapeseed mixed with clover required only 30 kg S ha⁻¹ to maintain yield and seed quality, despite the high S needs of both plants. More surprisingly, compared to the rapeseed monocrop, the rapeseed–clover mixture led to an increase in N (‐N) and S (‐S) leaching during the early winter period of cultivation.     

辐照诱导的新雄性不育系过氧化物酶和脂酶同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳法,对甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系Polima、Shan2A、Ogu和辐照处理的新雄性不育系Xin1和Xin2及其保持系Shan2B的种子进行了脂酶和过氧化物酶分析,结果表明:5个细胞质雄性不育系比保持系Shan2B多1条迁移率为0.45的脂酶(EST)谱带;Xin1、Shan2A和Polima各有4条过氧化物酶(POD)谱带,保持系缺少1条迁移率为0.61的POD谱带,推测这一同工酶的表达可能与雄性不育相关。     

Sulfate and Calcium Movement in an Allophanic Soil—The Relevance of Ion‐Pair Adsorption in the Soil–Plant System

Cooperative adsorption involving anions and cations, termed ion‐pair adsorption (IPA), is reported to increase the retention of some ions in certain soils. Sulfate and calcium can exhibit such interaction, and this affects their movement through the soil. Ion‐pair adsorption is shown here in miscible displacement experiments with a variable‐charge soil. The relevance of IPA under more realistic conditions is further investigated in a pot experiment. Rapeseed (Brassica napus) was grown at two different irrigation regimes and with two sulfur fertilizer sources. Calcium sulfate (CaSO₄·2H₂O) was used to induce IPA in contrast to potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄). The results suggest that IPA reduces sulfate and calcium leaching only in the short term. Continued irrigation dissipates the differences between the two fertilizer sources. Final soil ion concentrations and the plant uptake could not be related to IPA, evidencing the short‐term relevance of IPA. The influence of IPA on the bioavailability of calcium and sulfate to plants still demands further study.