西藏芥菜型油菜性状演化与分支分类研究

为明确西藏芥菜型油菜的性状演化与分支分类问题, 本文以67 份西藏芥菜型油菜为试验对象, 52 个形态学性状为依据, 白花菜科植物醉蝶花为外类群, 应用最大同步法, 对其进行了研究。结果表明: 芥菜型油菜的基生叶、伸长茎叶、薹茎叶和花器的性状, 均既有同期演化的, 也有非同期演化的, 有各自独特的演化规则; 西藏芥菜型油菜明显分为野生种和栽培种2 大类群, 无论是野生类群还是栽培类群中, 往往是来自于同一地区或气候相似区的材料聚在一起。表明西藏芥菜型油菜种质资源在形态演化上的相似性与其原产地的地理、气候背景密切相关。     

Impacts of long-term elevation of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on the establishment,growth and mortality of boreal Scots pine branches

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂) and temperature on the establishment, growth and mortality of the branches of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L). In 1997, 16 young trees were individually enclosed in chambers, in eastern Finland, for a period of 5 years (1997–2001), in an environment that simulated the future climate for the region. There were four replicates of each treatment, including combinations of ambient and elevated CO₂ and temperature. Measurements were carried out on the establishment of new branches, branch diameter growth and branch mortality. Elevated temperature and elevated CO₂ had no positive effect on the number of branches that established each year or branch diameter growth. They were, instead, related to tree height growth and stem diameter growth, respectively. However, elevated CO₂ and temperature caused an increase in branch mortality.     

Feasibility of peach bloom thinning with hand-held mechanical devices

The use of hand-held mechanical devices to thin blooms of peach trees trained into the “free Italian vase” form was studied. Three devices were tested, and no differences were found among them in terms of thinning time and number of fruits per cm² of trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) at harvesting. Thinning, by hand or mechanically, reduced the yield per tree by 26–33% with respect to not thinning; however, thinning increased the fruit size. In both years, the yields of fruit >67 mm in the thinned trees ranged from 40.4 to 53.4 kg tree⁻¹, respectively, whereas in the un-thinned trees, it was 25.1 and 18.2 kg tree⁻¹ in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Hand thinning took 385 h ha⁻¹, and mechanical thinning reduced this time by 89%. The cost of hand thinning was 4.8 € tree⁻¹, whereas the cost of mechanical thinning ranged from 0.4 to 1.1 € tree⁻¹. The economic study showed that the total yield value was similar with hand and mechanical thinning, but the cost of mechanical thinning was only 10–18% that of hand thinning.     

Olive seedling first-flowering position and management

The prolonged length of the juvenile period represents a substantial obstacle in olive (Olea europaea) breeding programs, delaying both the possibility for analyzing the fruit, the harvest unit, and the capacity for sexual recombination. In both olive and other fruit tree species, the juvenile–adult transition has been successfully hastened by forcing and formation procedures designed to rapidly achieve a minimum height. Precise knowledge of the position within the tree canopy where the juvenile–adult transition occurs, identified by the location of the first flowers, offers further potential for manipulating tree structure in order to hasten that transition. The occurrence of the juvenile–adult transition has been described spatially within the canopy as the formation of a juvenility cone, which we report here for olive plants from seed, and for the first time quantitatively describe its position based on the added trunk and branch distances from the soil. In canopies of seedlings from open pollination of cv. Arbequina olive the first-flowering position was consistently located, in our conditions, at an average distance of 200 cm from the trunk base. Based on that evidence, that first flowering can occur at lower positions, and on the values we obtained, three canopy-formation heights (100–130 cm, 130–160 cm and >160 cm) were compared for their effect on the length of the juvenile period and the vigour of olive seedlings. Canopy heights of 100–130 cm, much lower than the 160 cm previously reported by the olive tree breeding program of Córdoba, produced the highest number of flowering plants in the first two flowering years and also provided easier management.     

“支部＋合作社”模式推广的政策效果分析

＂支部＋合作社＂模式是中国农民合作运动中特有的。目前国内有关该模式的文献基本上都是对这一模式推广经验的总结和宣传,对其的学术研究比较少。该文以西北地区一个＂支部＋合作社＂模式的农民合作社为例,对其实际运行情况进行了调查研究,分析了其在推广过程中存在的主要问题,并从地方政府、村组织和专业经营户等3个方面分析了该模式推广效果与推广的政策意图形成偏差的主要原因。     

油用亚麻“分枝层高”和“分枝类型”性状引入探讨

株型是反映作物性状重要指标。水稻、玉米、小麦、油菜、大豆等粮油作物在株型育种方面研究比较深入。株型对油用亚麻来说,同样是一个重要综合性状指标,分枝性状是油用亚麻株型主要反映。前人调查油用亚麻分枝性状指标,一般只调查分枝数,而对分枝长短和分枝空间分布状态不做调查和描述,不能反映分枝总体状况。笔者从油用亚麻“分枝层高”和“分枝类型”性状引入必要性、可行性以及在品种资源、新品种选育、栽培技术研究中意义进行了分析论述,对全国油用亚麻区域试验、栽培技术研究中实际应用结果进行了评估,以期引起相关研究者对油用亚麻这一性状研究的重视。     

甘蓝型油菜分枝角度主基因+多基因混合遗传模型及遗传效应

分枝角度是油菜株型重要性状,是油菜品种高产及适合机械化收获理想株型的基本组成之一。为明确油菜分枝角度的遗传,本研究选用油菜分枝角度大的松散型材料6098B和分枝角度小的紧凑型材料Purler配制杂交组合,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型方法对该组合6世代(P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、BCP₁和BCP₂)的分枝角度进行了遗传分析。结果表明,上部第一分枝(顶枝)和基部第一分枝(基枝)角度的最适合遗传模型均为D-0 (1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因)。顶枝角的主基因加性效应值为4.939º,显性效应值为–4.156º,主基因遗传率在BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂中分别是34.08%、1.40%和14.99%,多基因遗传率分别为24.43%、61.72%和63.98%;而基枝角的主基因加性效应值为2.217º,显性效应值为–1.941º,主基因遗传率在BCP₁、BCP₂和F₂中分别是7.86%、1.24%和4.84%,多基因遗传率分别为66.46%、58.49%和73.96%。结果发现油菜分枝角度明显存在主效基因,为油菜分枝角度的遗传改良奠定了基础。     

火炬松树干、节疤及枝条木材的密度分析研究

采用水银体积仪精细测量了美国南方种植的火炬松树干、枝条及其连接部位节疤各部位小木块的基本密度,比较分析了同株树中树干、枝条和节疤及其各部分不同部位的密度变化。结果表明,在树干、节疤及枝条部位的木材平均密度大小依次是:0.506g/cm~3(树干)0.539 g/cm~3(节疤)0.617 g/cm~3(枝条);树干(含节疤)越靠近枝条部位其木材密度越大;对节疤本身而言,其上部的木材密度最大;枝条的木材密度变化趋势呈现出从基部向梢部方向呈下降趋势,从远轴面(下部)向近轴面(上部)方向呈现下降趋势。认为树干、枝条和二者相连接的节疤部位木材密度的这种变异与其各部位的发生方式及其结构功能是相适应的。     

独立学院学生党建工作的创新与实践

独立学院学生党建工作具有一定的特殊性,因此其工作创新的路径在于：做实基层,提升党建工作实效性;激活主体,提升党建工作针对性。基于此,湖南农业大学东方科技学院在学生党支部中开展“四个一”先锋工程,即月读一书、周行一善、日助一人、期评一次,较好地发挥了学生基层党组织的战斗堡垒作用和广大学生党员的先锋模范作用。     

基于马尔科夫链的紫花苜蓿分枝过程模拟研究

植物的分枝过程对研究植物的生长规律有重要的意义。借助于马尔科夫链模型,定量化研究了紫花苜蓿枝条的分枝过程。依据苜蓿枝条的分枝特点,以组成枝条的节间作为马尔科夫链的状态;状态的划分以节(或者节间)上发生的下级枝条加以区别,并进一步计算得到马尔科夫链模型的初始化矩阵、一阶转移概率矩阵与二阶转移概率矩阵。在此基础上,采用马尔科夫模型模拟预测了苜蓿枝条的分枝变化过程。通过田间两个品种苜蓿栽培观测试验,获取马尔科夫链模型的参数,并进行了苜蓿枝条分枝过程的模拟。模拟结果显示,马尔科夫链模型模拟的枝条分枝结果与实际的统计结果比较吻合。表明马尔科夫链模型能够用来描述苜蓿枝条的分枝过程。