家畜的遗传疾患和异常

本文综述了家畜遗传疾患和异常的发生概况,而对主要遗传病患和异常按常染色体隐性遗传、常染色体显性遗传、性连锁遗传、染色体数目和结构的异常等分别进行了描述,分析了发生的可能原因及危害,提出了防止遗传疾患发生和扩散的措施。     

东北葱属植物的研究

本文记载东北地区产葱属植物共计２４种２变种１变型，报道其中１１种的染色体数目，并对一些分类学问题进行了讨论，为该属植物的进一步研究提供资料。     

小佛肚竹竹丛结构对新竹秆形变异的影响

竹丛结构状况直接影响着竹子的生长环境。通过丛初植立竹数、立竹空间分布和丛立竹数等对小佛肚竹Bambusa ventricosa秆形变异的影响进行研究。结果表明：新竹畸形秆率随丛初植立竹数和栽植后年份的增加而降低,丛初植立竹数以2～3株为宜;出笋后的丛立竹数与竹丛外围、内围新竹数分别呈正相关和负相关,与新竹畸形率呈负相关;竹丛畸形秆新竹数随丛立竹数（出笋前）增加呈先升后降的趋势,丛立竹数与新竹畸形率呈负相关,人工栽培的丛立竹数应控制于4～6株。图1表2参10     

易县旺隆建立生态农业结构短期经济效益的评价

根据低山丘陵区的特点,因地制宜地实行农、林、果、牧等生物措施与工程措施相结合,充分发挥当地的资源优势,建立良性的生态农业结构,取得短期的经济效益,是开发低山丘陵区的有效途径。     

毛竹造林地不同清理方式对造林效果的影响

采用炼山+全面清理(处理1)、不炼山+局部清理(处理2)、不炼山+带状清理(处理3)、杉木近熟林局部清理套种毛竹(处理4)进行造林地不同清理方式的毛竹造林效果对比试验,结果表明:造林地不同清理方式对毛竹造林的成活率、出笋数、成竹数均有极显著影响,以处理4造林成活率、出笋数、成竹数最高,分别达91.9％、418个·hm-2、403株·hm-2,且当年造林成本最低,为11490元hm-2,分别比处理1、处理3、处理2节省造林投资成本3285、2115、480元·hm-2.     

株行距及穴苗数的配置对寒地水稻产量和品质的影响

为明确垦稻26和龙粳31高产优质栽培的株行距和穴苗数处理,采取裂区设计进行试验研究。结果表明,最优群体因品种而异,垦稻26在株距10cm、行距30cm、5苗/穴产量最佳,龙粳31则以株距13.3cm、行距27cm、9苗/穴产量最佳;垦稻26在5苗/穴、行株距30cm×10cm处理,有利于提高稻米的碾磨品质,不利于改善稻米的外观品质,营养品质较低,利于改善稻米的食味品质,且食味评分值高达86.5,显著高于最低处理;龙粳31在5苗/穴、行株距27cm×13.3cm处理,碾磨品质较高,不利于营养品质和外观品质的改善,食味品质得到明显改善,食味评分值高达86.0,与最低处理差异达显著水平。因此,高产优质栽培要因品种选择适宜的穴苗数和株行距,是实现水稻高产优质最为快捷、最为经济有效的措施。     

王氏唇柱苣苔的离体培养及遗传稳定性

以王氏唇柱苣苔(Chirita wangiana)叶片为外植体进行组培离体快繁研究,并利用流式细胞术对组培苗进行遗传稳定性分析。结果表明:最佳初代诱导培养基为MS添加0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA;最适继代培养基为MS添加0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.05 mg/L NAA;最适生根培养基为1/2 MS培养基添加0.5 mg/L IBA和15 g/L蔗糖,所有生根培养基获得的组培苗移栽驯化成活率达到92%以上。组织学切片检测表明,王氏唇柱苣苔叶片为外植体所形成芽体均为器官发生方式形成。流式细胞术检测表明,组培苗倍性没有变化,基因组大小与母本相比仅发生了1.86%的减少;染色体数目为2n=36,跟母本一致,植株形态特征上也无变异。研究结果可为王氏唇柱苣苔的园艺应用快速提供大量遗传稳定的种苗。     

Combined mutations in five wheat STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II genes improve resistant starch but affect grain yield and bread-making quality

Increases in the proportion of amylose in the starch of wheat grains result in higher levels of resistant starch, a fermentable dietary fiber associated with human health benefits. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of combined mutations in five STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II (SBEII) genes on starch composition, grain yield and bread-making quality in two hexaploid wheat varieties. Significantly higher amylose (∼60%) and resistant starch content (10-fold) was detected in the SBEII mutants than in the wild-type controls. Mutant lines showed a significant decrease in total starch (6%), kernel weight (3%) and total grain yield (6%). Effects of the mutations in bread-making quality included increases in grain hardness, starch damage, water absorption and flour protein content; and reductions in flour extraction, farinograph development and stability times, starch viscosity, and loaf volume. Several traits showed significant interactions between genotypes, varieties, and environments, suggesting that some of the negative impacts of the combined SBEII mutations can be ameliorated by adequate selection of genetic background and growing location. The deployment of wheat varieties with increased resistant starch will likely require economic incentives to compensate growers and millers for the significant reductions detected in grain and flour yields.     

Screening of Ethiopian sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) landraces for their performance under Striga hermonthica ‐infested conditions

Striga hermonthica is a major constraint to sorghum production and productivity in sub‐Saharan Africa, Ethiopia, in particular. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of 49 sorghum genotypes based on their reaction to S. hermonthica and investigate the relationships among yield and Striga resistance traits, including the Striga emergence count, area under Striga number progress curve, area under Striga severity progress curve, grain yield under infested, grain yield under non‐infested conditions and relative yield loss. The genotypes differed significantly in all measured parameters under Striga‐infested and non‐infested conditions. The genotypes ‘Birhan’, ‘Gubiye’, Wolegie, Zegerie, Nechmashila I, Woftel, Tetron and Eyssa were identified as promising ones based on grain yield and Striga‐related traits. On the other hand, the genotypes Jamyo, Bobie, Gedido, Mankebar and Zengada had moderate Striga numbers with low relative yield loss as compared with susceptible checks. The most promising variety, Zegerie, Mankebar and Zengada, out yielded the standard resistant checks ‘Birhan’ and ‘Gubiye’ under Striga infestation. Ward cluster analysis grouped the 49 sorghum genotypes in to four distinct clusters under Striga‐infested conditions. All members of clusters II and III showed the highest yielding group with the lowest to moderate Striga number, while cluster IV supported the lowest yield with the highest Striga number. Significant negative correlations were observed between yield‐ and Striga‐related traits. Highly significant and strong correlations were observed among Striga resistance indices, indicating that any of the Striga resistance parameters can be used as an indicator of resistance. The wide variations in grain yield among genotypes under Striga‐infested conditions would be invaluable genetic resources for production in Striga endemic areas of Ethiopia.     

玉米LFY同源基因ZFL1与多叶性状的相关性

LFY基因是控制拟南芥花分生组织特异性的关键基因,该基因的突变会引起延迟开花和叶片形态变化。本试验以相同核背景(Y53)下穗上叶片数14叶和4叶的材料为模板,通过PCR反应,扩增出4条ZFL1基因目的片段。对PCR扩增产物进行回收、纯化和测序,将测序片段进行拼接。通过序列比对,结果表明与Y53(4L)相比较,Y53(14L)在外显子3有一段13 bp的重复序列,造成ORF的改变,进而引起氨基酸序列改变。据此,初步认为多叶玉米ZFL1基因在外显子区域发生突变造成表达产物-转录因子结合靶基因的功能性失活,使玉米营养生长阶段延迟,从而引起玉米穗上叶片数的增加。