Preliminary Study on the Activity of Phycobiliproteins against Botrytis cinerea

Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are proteins of cyanobacteria and some algae such as rhodophytes. They have antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activity at the human level, but there is a lack of knowledge on their antifungal activity against plant pathogens. We studied the activity of PBPs extracted from Arthrospira platensis and Hydropuntia cornea against Botrytis cinerea, one of the most important worldwide plant-pathogenic fungi. PBPs were characterized by using FT-IR and FT-Raman in order to investigate their structures. Their spectra differed in the relative composition in the amide bands, which were particularly strong in A. platensis. PBP activity was tested on tomato fruits against gray mold disease, fungal growth, and spore germination at different concentrations (0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 mg/mL). Both PBPs reduced fruit gray mold disease. A linear dose–response relationship was observed for both PBPs against disease incidence and H. cornea against disease severity. Pathogen mycelial growth and spore germination were reduced significantly by both PBPs. In conclusion, PBPs have the potential for being also considered as natural compounds for the control of fungal plant pathogens in sustainable agriculture.     

BHT对苹果采后灰霉病的防效及防御酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响

为探究2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol,BHT)对苹果采后灰霉病的防效和防病机制,采用平板法和刺伤接种法测定了BHT对灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea的抑制作用及果实内防御酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响。结果表明,0.1 mmol/L BHT对苹果灰霉病的防效最佳,处理苹果后间隔48～96 h接种灰霉病菌,其防效可达68.59%～73.55%,其次为0.2、1.0 mmol/L BHT处理,但防效均低于52.94%。0.1 mmol/L BHT处理对灰霉病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发无显著抑制作用,但可显著增强果实内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活性以及总抗氧化能力,其峰值是对照的1.82～5.28倍,且均显著高于单独接种灰霉病菌的处理。此外,单独接种灰霉病菌的苹果果实内丙二醛含量快速升高,最大增幅达251.49%,而BHT处理后丙二醛含量变幅较小,最大增幅仅为83.95%。表明BHT可通过增强苹果果实内防御酶活性水平和总抗氧化能力来降低丙二醛的积累,从而提高果实对灰霉病的抗性。     

木霉菌胞外酶及对番茄灰霉病菌作用的研究

研究了木霉菌T21及其4种长势好抗逆性较强的REMI转化体对番茄灰霉病菌抑菌能力,温室防效以及其发酵液中几丁质酶、-β1,3-葡聚糖酶和纤维素酶的活性。结果表明:5株木霉菌株对番茄灰霉病病菌都有不同程度抑制作用,其中Ttrm68抑制效果最好,培养一定时间后,木霉可以把番茄灰霉病菌完全覆盖;温室防效也是Ttrm68的效果最好。胞外酶活性的测定结果表明:对番茄灰霉菌抑制效果好的木霉菌几丁质酶和-β1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性高,而纤维素酶活性则没有明显的规律。     

绿色木霉·烯酰吗啉水分散片剂对番茄灰霉病的防治效果

本文通过对峙培养,菌间交互作用机制观察及拮抗菌培养液对病菌生长影响的测定,探讨绿色木霉菌对番茄灰霉病菌的拮抗作用及其作用机制.室内及田间试验表明,绿色木霉·烯酰吗啉水分散片剂300～600倍液,对番茄灰霉病的防效为83%～95%,且对作物安全;其对病原茵的抑制作用是通过代谢产物(酶或有毒物质)的作用表现出来的.     

Non-abscised aborted sweet cherry fruits are vulnerable to fruit decaying fungi and may be sources of infection for healthy fruits

During three growing seasons (1999–2001), disease incidence of non-abscised aborted and normally developing (sound) sweet cherry fruits were investigated in a research orchard at Ullensvang, western Norway. To reveal possible fungal infections, aborted and sound fruits of two cultivars (cv. Van for three years and cv. Lapins for two years) were harvested over four to seven weeks in an experimental orchard during the green fruit phase and incubated at 20°C in moisture saturated air for 7 days. The most frequently observed fungal pathogens were Monilinia laxa, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Botrytis cinerea. The mean of all observations (±standard deviation) over three years, showed that aborted and sound fruits had a disease incidence of 51.9% (±31.8) and 5.2% (±9.7), respectively, after seven days incubation. In 24 of 25 trials aborted fruits had significantly higher disease incidence than sound fruits after incubation. In one season, when fruits were collected from two commercial orchards, aborted fruits had much higher disease incidence than sound fruits (a mean of 6.5 and 4.5 times higher incidence for the two orchards, respectively). Time of fruit abortion varied with the years (two years observation) and the two cultivars, but the major abortion took place between the fourth and eighth week after anthesis. A higher disease incidence and more rapid disease development in non-abscised aborted fruits indicate that they are more vulnerable to fungal colonisation than sound fruits and may thus be potential incoulum sources for neighbouring, healthy fruits.     

番茄灰霉病菌拮抗菌的筛选和应用

采集番茄等蔬菜叶、根和土壤样本 1 82份 ,分离获得对番茄灰霉病菌 (Botrytiscinerea Pers.)有抑制作用的拮抗菌5 8株。其中拮抗细菌 5 4株 ,占 93 .1 % ,且多为芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus) ;拮抗真菌中木霉 (Trichoderma)和粘帚霉 (Gliocladium)各 1株。根据抑菌圈法测定 ,拮抗细菌对灰霉菌的拮抗能力有显著差异 ,其中芽孢杆菌 Y2 - 1 1 - 1 菌株拮抗性最强且稳定。试验表明 :Y2 - 1 1 - 1 悬浮液对番茄灰霉病有较好的防治效果 ,室内叶片和果实的防效分别为 69.9%和 78.2 % ;大棚内对果腐的防效 ,喷施 1次与 2次的分别为 61 .7%～ 72 .1 %和 76.6%～ 85 .3 % ,明显优于 5 0 %速克灵 (2 0 0 0倍稀释液 )。     

灰霉病菌对多菌灵和乙霉威抗性研究

从１９９６年３～４月辽宁省主要蔬菜种植区采集的番茄、黄瓜灰霉病果上,分离得到２８２个灰葡萄孢霉（ＢｏｔｒｙｔｉｓｃｉｎｅｒｅａＰｅｒｓ．）菌株,测定了其对多菌灵和乙霉威的敏感性。结果表明,８７．２％的菌株为抗性菌株（ＢｅｎＲ）,１２．８％的菌株为敏感菌株（ＢｅｎＳ）。中抗（ＢｅｎＩＲ）和低抗（ＢｅｎＷＲ）菌株为优势菌株。抗性菌株与敏感菌株在生长速率、产孢能力及致病力等方面无明显差异。作为苯并咪唑杀菌剂负交互抗性药剂而开发的Ｎ－苯基氨基甲酸酯杀菌剂乙霉威,对ＢｅｎＨＲ菌株具有优良的抑制作用,但对ＢｅｎＷＲ,ＢｅｎＩＲ和ＢｅｎＳ菌株的抑制作用很小。由多菌灵和乙霉威复配而成的多菌灵可有效控制ＢｅｎＨＲ和ＢｅｎＳ菌株对黄瓜子叶的侵染,但不能控制ＢｅｎＷＲ和ＢｅｎＩＲ菌株的侵染。     

红麻灰霉菌生物学特性及其交叉感染

测定温度、光照、营养、pH对红麻灰霉菌孢子萌发、菌丝生长、产孢,以及湿度对孢子萌发的影响.结果表明,该菌孢子萌发、菌丝生长和产孢的适宜温度为20-22℃;孢子宜在水滴和水膜中萌发,孢子悬浮在红麻叶汁液中能显著提高萌发率;持续强光照可抑制菌丝生长和产孢,黑暗利于孢子萌发和菌丝生长.该菌在6种培养基上以PSA生长和产孢最佳.孢子萌发、菌丝生长和产孢以pH5-7为宜.从孢子侵入寄主的影响因素和菌核特性试验可以看出,该病在孢子含量为103-107个·mL-1范围时,其潜育期随孢子含量的提高而缩短;在相对湿度为100%下,用孢子叶汁悬液对叶片伤口喷雾接种能明显缩短潜育期.菌核埋入土层愈深萌发率愈低,夹在麻杆中的菌核皆能萌发.不同寄主灰霉菌交叉接种测定显示,红麻灰霉菌对莴苣、黄瓜、韭菜和蕹菜的健株不致病,反之,莴苣、蕹菜灰霉菌对红麻尤其是受伤的植株能致病.     

大蒜盲种葡萄孢(Botrytis porri Buchw.)等三个国内新记录种

 本文报道我国葡萄孢属(Botrvtis)的三个国内新记录种,即大蒜盲种葡萄孢B.Porri,葱鳞葡萄B.squamosa和球精葡萄孢B.sphaerosperma,每种均有描述和附图,标本及菌株保存于云南农业大学植病研究室真菌标本室(MHYAU).     

灰葡萄孢拮抗细菌的种类鉴定及生长条件研究

经形态和生理生化鉴定,对灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea Pers.）拮抗能力强、防病效果好的3株细菌进行分类,W10为地衣芽孢杆菌[Bacillus licheniformis(Weigmann)Chester],W3和Y2－11－1为多粘类芽孢杆菌[Paenibacillus polymyxa(Prazmowski)Ash et al]。这2种对蔬菜灰霉病的高效拮抗菌为中国首次报道和应用。3株拮抗细菌的生长条件基本一致,最适培养时间为24－72h,最适生长温度是27－30℃,最适培养液pH值为7－8。