北京地区主要针叶林易燃可燃物垂直分布

为研究易燃可燃物负荷量及空间分布对林火种类、火行为等的影响,该文以北京市八达岭林场4种针叶林型为研究对象,比较4种林分相同垂直层面和不同空间层次上的易燃可燃物负荷量及分布,分析不同林分的火种类、林火行为和森林火险,并基于林分总负荷量评估森林燃烧性。结果表明:侧柏林易发生高强度林火,由于冠层易燃可燃物较少,可以发生树冠火,但不利于蔓延;油松林不易发生地表火,因为地表可燃物清理迹象严重,但一旦起火,易形成蔓延速度较快的树冠火;华山松林可以发生火灾并形成中强度地表火;华北落叶松林可以发生地表火,但树种本身难燃,在极端环境条件下,可以发生树冠火。4种林分的燃烧性为:侧柏林油松林华北落叶松林华山松林。      

笼养川金丝猴行为的时间分配

为探讨笼养条件下川金丝猴的活动规律,采用瞬时扫描取样法和行为编码、Oracle数据库、SQL语言处理分析的方法研究了笼养川金丝猴的行为。结果表明,笼养川金丝猴的活动时间分配中,休息行为比例最大（54．15％）;取食（21．08％）、运动（12．00％）、梳理（5．37％）仅占38．45％。川金丝猴的日活动时间分配具有明显的季节性变化,表现为：取食行为在春季和冬季较多;休息行为在夏季最多,且从夏季到冬季出现明显的减少趋势;运动和梳理行为在秋季最多;冬季出现取食时间增加、休息与理毛时间减少的特点。各性别一年龄组的时间分配存在显著差异,表现为青少年猴和婴幼猴的运动和游戏行为所占时间百分比明显高于其他年龄组,成年雌性组的梳理行为明显高于其他年龄组,而成年雄性组的休息行为所占的时间百分比最高。笼养川金丝猴的活动规律与野外基本一致,但明显受笼养环境的影响。     

Effect of washing cycles on behavior of core spun cotton/spandex interlock structures

Effect of machine washing on structural behavior of core spun cotton/spandex interlock fabrics made with high, medium and low tightness factors has been investigated. Results are compared with those for similar fabrics knitted from 100 % cotton. Structural behavior of cotton/spandex and cotton fabric samples was observed under full relaxation and washing treatments up to 10th cycle. Based on these data, dimensional constants (U-values) were predicted under 95 % significance level. Higher course and wale densities, stitch densities, dimensional constant values, linear and area dimensional shrinkages are reported with cotton/spandex interlocks. After treatment levels, cotton/spandex showed the dimensional constants with lesser CV %. With increasing fabric tightness, decreasing of length shrinkages and area shrinkages and increasing of width shrinkages are reported in cotton/spandex interlock structures. Cotton/spandex interlocks showed longitudinally and highly deformed shapes after treatments. Fabric tightness affects significantly on structural behavior of cotton/ spandex and cotton structures during relaxation.     

Behavioral patterns of captive alpine musk deer: sex-specific behavior comparisons

The aim of this study was to document the behavior of captive alpine musk deer and to determine if daily behavior patterns varied between females and males. From August 2002 to January 2003, focal sampling was used to observe 32 adult captive alpine musk deer (13 female and 19 male) at Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm (XMDF), Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve, Gansu Province. Results indicated similar behavior patterns for males and females, with only two out of 12 recorded behaviors showing significant sex differences. In comparison to females, males rested for a longer duration and exhibited tail pasting more frequently. This study also provided the first recording of tail pasting by female musk deer.     

高校外语课堂教学中的非言语行为

在高校外语课堂教学中恰当使用非言语行为,能够增加信息、提高教学质量。本文探索了非言语行为对高校外语课堂教学效果的影响以及非言语交际的分类、功能及运用原则,为提高高校外语教师教学技艺提供借鉴。     

寄生蜂寄主选择的化学信息调控

在植物—植食性昆虫—寄生蜂三级营养关系链中,寄生蜂的行为常常受到其他两营养级的作用。对于寄生蜂而言,成功定位寄主是其发展种群的重要环节,在这个过程中,寄主昆虫的信息化合物和植物的信息化合物或两者的复合信息物质是寄生蜂搜寻寄主的重要线索,发掘这类信息物质并将其应用于害虫的生物防治体系,是当今害虫综合治理的一个重要举措。本文较全面地综述了化学信息物质在植物—植食性昆虫—寄生蜂三级营养关系中的信息调控及在寄生蜂保护利用中的作用,并对该领域今后的研究方向阐述了观点。     

农民道德现状的实证分析

通过问卷调查方式,对江西、湖南、安徽、甘肃4省的9个农村地区农民进行了道德调查。结果表明,大多数农民认同当前的主流道德观,表现出传统的继承性和多元化取向,不同性别、年龄的农民道德观呈现显著差异,还存在诚信道德缺失、宗族观念普遍、道德行为与道德观念偏离等问题。     

内部控制下的会计行为研究——基于利益相关者视角

介绍了利益相关者与内部控制理论的产生与发展．从大股东、经理层和员工3个层面阐述了利益相关者与内部控制之间的关系,并分析了其在内部控制下的会计行为,提出了设置内部控制、监督会计行为的措施。     

井上蛀果斑螟昼夜行为节律研究

为明确井上蛀果斑螟(Assara inouei)昼夜行为节律,在温度(25±1)℃、光周期L∥D=15h∥9h、RH 60%±10%条件下,系统观察了井上蛀果斑螟的羽化、交配、产卵、卵孵化及幼虫化蛹等行为节律。结果表明:井上蛀果斑螟的羽化、交配、产卵、孵化、化蛹行为具有明显的昼夜节律。成虫的羽化主要发生在18:00-04:00,此时成虫的羽化数量占总羽化数量的80%以上,其中以20:00-22:00羽化率最高;成虫交配活动主要发生在04:00-08:00,交配率超过75%,以06:00-08:00交配率最高;单次交配持续时间为20~60min,平均为42.12min;其产卵活动主要发生在02:00-10:00,该时段所产卵量达到总产卵量的73.99%,显著高于其他时段;卵孵化主要发生在04:00-10:00和16:00-20:00两个时段,卵的孵化数量占孵化总数的82.86%,显著高于其他时段;幼虫化蛹主要发生在10:00-14:00和18:00-22:00两个时段,幼虫化蛹数占总化蛹数的72.83%,化蛹高峰为18:00-20:00。     

Flowering behaviors of the inflorescences of an alien plant (Plantago asiatica), an alpine plant (Plantago hakusanensis), and their hybrids on Mt. Hakusan,Japan

In the subalpine zone on Mt. Hakusan, Japan, Plantago asiatica, an alien plant, and Plantago hakusanensis, a native alpine species, grow sympatrically along with their putative hybrids. Here, their flowering behavior, which affects the frequency of hybridization and the colonizing ability of P. asiatica and its hybrids, is described. The flowering behavior of each species and of two F₁ hybrids from different seed parents was determined based on the position of the flower in the inflorescence by using a generalized linear mixed model. The percentage fruit set of individually bagged inflorescences was calculated to corroborate the assumptions of the opportunities for self‐pollination. All the flowers were protogynous; however, many P. asiatica anthers dehisced before browning of the stigma in the flower and the sex presentations in the inflorescence were asynchronous. The percentage of fruit set was high. Consequently, P. asiatica has the opportunity for self‐pollination within the flower and in the inflorescence. In contrast, the P. hakusanensis anthers dehisced after browning of the stigma in the flower; their sex presentation was synchronous in the inflorescence, showing negligible opportunities for self‐pollination, and the fruit set was low. Accordingly, in the field, P. hakusanensis might require pollination among the inflorescences for seed production and be actively outcrossed, while P. asiatica is able to outcross in the early flowering phase. Therefore, P. asiatica and P. hakusanensis have opportunities for hybridization. The F₁ hybrids exhibited intermediate flowering behavior and produced fruits, demonstrating the potential to reproduce by selfing.