宁夏贺兰山珍稀濒危植物小叶朴资源现状及保护对策

2008年8月~2010年10月,通过资料收集、走访居民、实地调查,摸清了保护区珍稀濒危植物小叶朴资源的数量、分布、长势及管护情况,指出了小叶朴资源受威胁因素及保护对策。     

修剪与施氮对板栗果树光合特性及产量的影响

以13年生的板栗‘3113’为试验对象,采用双因素随机区组试验,研究了修剪强度与施氮量的交互作用对板栗光合特性、比叶质量、产量的影响。结果表明:(1)板栗的净光合速率与比叶质量之间呈极显著负相关;瞬时水分利用效率表现为X_2N_1组合较高。(2)X_3N_0、X_2N_1、X_1N_2的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和产量均较高,比叶质量均较低。(3)X_2N_1组合的比叶质量最低,净光合速率、产量和净收益最高。板栗树体需氮量随修剪强度的增强而降低,修剪与施氮量之间具有协同性;从光合特性、产量及净收益等指标综合考虑,X_2N_1组合是当地修剪与施肥的最佳组合。     

台湾相思假芝根腐病病原菌的鉴定及其生物学特性测定

对海南台湾相思上一种假芝属真菌所致根腐病病原菌进行致病性测定、形态学特征鉴定和SSU序列分析,确认引起海南台湾相思此种根腐病的病原菌为假芝[Amauroderma rugosum (Bl.et Nees) Torrend]。生物学特性测定结果表明：光照可以促进其菌丝生长,菌丝最适生长温度为32 ℃,最适pH为5,D-果糖和酵母浸膏为最佳碳源和氮源。     

Fallow enrichment with pada (Macaranga denticulata (Bl.) Muell. Arg.) trees in rotational shifting cultivation in northern Thailand

Shifting cultivators in Thailand widely attribute the maintainance of crop productivity to pada (Macaranga denticulata (Bl.) Muell. Arg.), rotation cycles having become much shorter than the customary 10–20 years. This paper examines the use of pada in a 7-year rotation on an acid soil with low available soil P (2–4 mg kg^–1 by Bray II). Dense pada patches in 7-year-old fallow averaged 43 tons ha^–1 of above ground biomass, 20% more than sparse patches. The biomass in dense pada contained disproportionately more P, K, Ca and Mg (34%, 92%, 80% and 107% more, respectively) than in sparse pada patches. Slashing and burning 7-year-old fallow with dense pada produced a subsequent rice yield that was three time that with sparse pada. Rice grown after dense pada had been slashed and burned after three years yielded less than one third of that after a full 7-year rotation. It is, as yet, unclear how rice yield in dense pada patches is enhanced in the full 7-year rotation. Nutrient concentrations in the mature rice were generally either the same or higher in the sparse than dense pada patches. In dense pada patches rice accumulated twice to four times as much nutrients as in sparse pada patches, and a much larger fraction of the nutrients was stored in the fallow. Uptake of nutrients in the sparse pada patches may have been limited by some factor that either governs availability of the nutrients released by burning or depressing rice growth and so its nutrient demand.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

秋枫和木棉对大气臭氧浓度升高的生理响应

以秋枫Bischofi a javanica Bl.和木棉Bombax malabaricum DC.苗木为试验材料,采用自行设计的开顶式熏气室装置,研究在4种体积分数的臭氧(O3)[E200,Φ(O3)=200×10-9;E100,Φ(O3)=100×10-9;E50,Φ(O3)=50×10-9;环境大气NF,Φ(O3)=10×10-9~20×10-9]下2种植物叶片可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、保护酶活性和膜脂过氧化程度的变化情况,旨在探究在地表臭氧浓度升高的条件下2种植物的生理生化指标的变化情况及其响应机理。结果显示:随臭氧浓度的增加,2种植物膜透性和丙二醛含量均逐渐上升,且与臭氧浓度呈显著正相关关系,说明2种植物膜脂过氧化程度加剧;秋枫可溶性蛋白含量均逐渐下降,木棉先降低后大幅上升;二者可溶性糖含量均是先上升后小幅度下降;POD活性均是先降低后升高;秋枫CAT活性呈先升高再降低的趋势,木棉则是逐渐降低。对2种植物各生理指标进行主成分分析表明,2种植物耐臭氧能力顺序为秋枫木棉。     

砧木类型及菌根化对板栗嫁接苗生长及光合特性的影响

以河北省迁西县板栗品种‘燕山早丰’为试验材料,芽苗和1 a苗为砧木,进行单砧和双砧嫁接试验,研究了不同砧木类型对嫁接成活的影响、菌根化处理对不同砧木类型嫁接苗新梢生长、生物量、SPAD值及光合特性的影响。结果表明:(1)1 a幼砧嫁接成活率高达91.1%,愈合快,显著优于芽砧嫁接,但双芽砧显著优于单芽砧嫁接。(2)双芽砧嫁接苗新梢生长量与SPAD值最大,生物量亦与1 a砧嫁接苗相当。(3)菌根化处理后三种砧木类型嫁接苗的形态指标均有提高。(4)不同处理净光合速率差异显著,以菌根化双芽砧嫁接苗(24.86μmol·m-2s-1)最大。(5)芽砧嫁接苗水分利用效率RWUE显著高于1 a砧嫁接苗,菌根化嫁接苗水分利用效率显著高于无菌根嫁接苗。     

天麻饼干的研制

以药食同源食材主要原料,感官评分为考察指标,通过单因素试验研究面粉（低筋小麦粉、玉米淀粉）添加量、烘焙温度、烘焙时间、麦芽糖醇添加量、低筋小麦粉与玉米淀粉质量比及小苏打添加量对饼干感官品质的影响,通过正交试验确定天麻饼干的最佳配方和加工工艺。结果表明,天麻饼干的最佳配方及烘焙条件为：面粉（低筋小麦粉与玉米淀粉质量比为7∶3）63 g,麦芽糖醇40 g,药食同源食材（天麻∶茯苓∶薏苡仁∶黑芝麻∶核桃∶大枣=3∶10∶10∶10∶10∶10）53 g,小苏打1.2 g,烘焙上火/下火温度为180 ℃/160 ℃,烘焙时间13 min。在此工艺条件下制备的天麻饼干感官评分为88.3,外形完整,色泽均匀,口感酥脆,甜度适中,伴有黑芝麻香气,掩盖了天麻不佳的气味,组织结构有层次,孔洞细密,营养丰富。     

板栗巢沫蝉生物学习性观察及防治试验

板栗巢沫蝉Taihorina sp.属同翅目Homoptera,沫蝉科Cercopidae,是危害板栗的重要枝梢害虫,以成虫和若虫刺吸危害。采用定点观察法对其生物学习性进行了研究,并采用涂干包膜法进行了防治试验。结果表明:该虫在湖北恩施每年发生2代,以卵越冬,每年5、7月是若虫的孵化盛期。采用氧化乐果2～5倍液在树干基部涂药液包扎法进行防治效果良好。     

Spatial and seasonal variations in photosynthetic properties within a beech (Fagus crenata Blume) crown

The light response curve and the intercellular CO₂ concentration response curve of CO₂ assimilation rate were investigated together with the light conditions at the four different heights within the beech crown from 1995 to 1997 on Mt. Fuji in Japan. On the seasonal fluctuation, the CO₂ assimilation rate at light saturated condition increased rapidly in May, and attained to the maximum between the end of June and July, thereafter, slightly decreased until the middle of August and rapidly decreased in September and October. The daily sum of photosynthetic photon flux density attenuated with deeping within the crown, and particularly, the relative value on 2nd position dropped to only 30%. TheA _max decreased from 10 to 5μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, approximately, with deeping within the crown. The light saturation point, quantum yield, light compensation point and dark respiration rate also varied with deeping. These results suggest that the photosynthetic properties vary gradually from sun to shade leaves along the light attenuation within a beech crown. At light saturated condition, the stomatal conductance and mesophyll conductance were strongly correlated withA _max among the four different heights (r > 0.96, respectively). TheC _i/C _a ratio was around 0.8, and there were no remarkable differences among the four different heights. These results suggest that the vertical gradient ofA _max depends on the variation of mesophyll conductance. The stomatal conductance may be also one of the major factor in the vertical gradient ofA _max. However the intercellular CO₂ concentration doesn’t influence the vertical gradient ofA _max within the crown. This work is supported by the Sasagawa Scientific Research Grant from The Japan Science Society and Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C).     

不同天麻品种中天麻素含量的比较分析

为分析不同天麻(Gastrodia elata Bl.)品种中的天麻素含量,采用高效液相色谱法,以HypersilODS-2色谱柱为固定相,乙腈-0.05％(V/V)磷酸溶液(3∶97)为流动相,比较了乌天麻(产地云南)、红天麻、乌红杂交天麻(产地湖北麻城)中天麻素含量.结果表明,乌天麻中的天麻素含量为0.423％,马红天麻为0.321％,红天麻为0.225％.大别山低海拔地区种植的乌红杂交天麻中天麻素含量高于红天麻.