基于对象导出三支概念格的形式背景粒约简方法

形式背景的属性约简是形式概念分析的重要研究方向。针对形式背景人们提出了多种属性约简标准并建立了属性约简方法。本文研究形式背景基于对象导出三支概念格的约简问题,通过刻画对象之间的区分属性提出了一种新的粒约简计算方法,该方法无需构造基于对象导出的三支概念格;并证明了基于三支概念格的形式背景粒约简与基于粗糙集理论的分类约简等价。     

降水量与施磷量对黑土区玉米产量及磷素吸收利用的影响

在自然降水条件下采用滴灌补水措施,研究不同降水量及施磷量对黑土区玉米产量、磷素吸收积累及磷肥利用率的影响。结果表明,降水量及施磷量的增加会增加玉米植株干物质量的积累,进而促进玉米产量的形成。施磷量较降水量对玉米产量的影响更为显著,适量的降水量与施磷量有利于玉米产量的增加。各处理中以W3(自然降水+200 mm)、P3(施磷220 kg/hm~2)处理产量最高,达13 914 kg/hm~2。各处理随施磷量的增加,磷肥利用率降低,随降水量的增加磷肥利用率增加。玉米植株磷素积累在同一降水条件下,随施磷量的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势。适磷条件下,适宜降水量可显著提高玉米植株磷素积累量。W3(自然降水+200 mm)、P2(施磷110 kg/hm~2)处理为最优处理,当年降水量为508 mm,玉米产量可达13 119 kg/hm~2;磷肥利用效率最高,达19.7%。     

Herbaceous vegetation response to controlled fire and postfire defoliation in a semiarid rangeland of Argentina

Semiarid rangelands of central Argentina are shaped by fire and grazing. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of controlled fire on aboveground biomass production of (1) herbaceous species as a whole group and (2) herbaceous species subclassified as desirable or undesirable perennial grasses and as herbaceous forbs at the end of two growing seasons after an experimental fire in a semiarid rangeland of central Argentina. The effect of the length of the resting period after fire on aboveground biomass production of desirable perennial grass species was also assessed; treatments consisted in defoliations at the end of the first and second postfire growing seasons, at the beginning and at the end of the second postfire growing season and only at the end of the second postfire growing season. Total biomass production of the burned treatments was higher than that of the control treatment, the difference being attributed to an increase in desirable perennial grass species biomass. This in turn was negatively affected by defoliation at the end of the first postfire growing season, suggesting that the beneficial effect of fire on biomass production might have been overridden by the stress imposed by an early defoliation. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that grazing should be held back for at least a whole year after the fire to achieve the pursued aim of increasing forage production by the use of controlled fire.     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区5种典型草地群落土壤酶活性的研究

以长芒草(Stipa bungeana)、苜蓿-长芒草-铁杆蒿(Medicago sativa-S.bungeana-Artemisia sacrorum)、苜蓿-铁杆蒿(M.sativa-A.sacrorum)、长芒草-铁杆蒿(S.bungeana-A.sacrorum)和苜蓿-长芒草(M.sativa-S.bungeana)5种弃耕后自然演替形成的草地群落为研究对象,通过分析不同群落中土壤淀粉酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的分布,进一步阐释黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区弃耕农地不同植被恢复过程对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:除土壤淀粉酶外,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均受地上植物群落的显著影响,并且土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均随土层的加深而逐渐减小。长芒草群落土壤酶活性低且土壤养分和生物量均低于其他4个群落,表明弃耕后以单一种为优势种的草地群落植被恢复效果并不理想。4种土壤酶活性与土壤养分因子存在显著相关性,表明土壤酶活性可以指示土壤质量的变化。     

松嫩平原根茎冰草同生群无性系构件的生长可塑性及分配规律

根茎冰草是多年生短根茎丛生禾草,具有较高的饲用价值。本研究采取大样本取样,对松嫩平原人工建植下根茎冰草二年生同生群无性系的生长与生产的可塑性和规律性进行了定量分析,结果表明：根茎冰草同生群无性系丛径的变异系数为31.7%,生殖株和营养株数量的变异系数分别为78.5%和63.0%,生物量变异系数分别为89.8%和64.3%;根茎长和种子千粒重的变异系数分别为111.4%和8.4%。各构件数量特征均存在不同程度的可塑性,其中,生产特征的可塑性高于生长,构件数量特征的可塑性均以生殖株高于营养株,潜在无性系高于现实无性系;生殖构件生长与分配的数量性状高于种子质量性状。根茎冰草无性系的调节功能主要体现在：无性系大小及构件生长与生产的可塑性均较严格地遵循异速或同速生长规律;生殖分配与营养生长之间存在权衡。     

施肥对栽培菊花土壤的有机无机复合性状和菊花产量与品质的影响

按照江苏省射阳县中药材种植基地的施肥习惯,选用当地常用的猪粪、鸡粪、菜籽饼、有机复混肥、化肥为供试肥料,于2004、2005年连续2年进行菊花施肥大田小区试验和室内盆裁试验.其中,小区试验主要研究栽培菊花土壤有机无机复合状况和结合态腐殖质组成,盆栽试验主要研究施肥对菊花产量、内在质量的影响.结果表明:大田条件下连续2年单施化肥处理的土壤有机质比试前下降,亏缺主要来自轻组;与对照(不施肥)比较,连续施用有机肥的处理,能提高土壤和重组有机C含量(增幅分别为4.5%～32.7%和10.5%～37.8%),促进土壤有机无机复合体的形成,提高土壤增值复合量和增值复合度,改善腐殖质结合形态,使松结态腐殖质含量增加,紧结态腐殖质减少,使土壤腐殖质得到活化;各类有机肥对栽培菊花土壤均有较好的培肥效果,其中以猪粪、菜籽饼较好.室内盆栽试验的结果表明,施肥能显著提高菊花花序和茎叶的生物量,显著增加菊花药用有效成分总黄酮、绿原酸的含量,这方面的作用有机肥优于化肥,有机肥中又以菜籽饼的效果较好,猪粪次之.     

应用数字图像分析技术进行棉花氮素营养诊断的研究

本文利用图像分析技术并结合常规观测手段,研究应用图像分析技术诊断棉花氮素营养状况的可行性及获取的光谱参数与表征棉花氮素营养状况的生物学参数之间的关系.结果表明:棉花在不同时期特征光谱参数与棉花含氮量及叶片含氮量呈显著相关,其中盛蕾期棉花全氮含量与光谱参数的相关性最好,在盛花期棉花叶片含氮量与光谱参数的相关系数最高,G/(G R B)可作为氮素营养诊断的指标.在棉花全生育期内,地面覆盖度与棉花叶面积指数、生物量及吸氮量呈显著相关,在出苗至盛花期之间达极显著相关.经检验,地面覆盖度可很好地预测棉花的叶面积指数、生物量及吸氮量,相对误差分别为26.2%、3.46%和3.37%.     

Restoration of species-rich grasslands on ex-arable land: Seed addition outweighs soil fertility reduction

A common practice in biodiversity conservation is restoration of former species-rich grassland on ex-arable land. Major constraints for grassland restoration are high soil fertility and limited dispersal ability of plant species to target sites. Usually, studies focus on soil fertility or on methods to introduce plant seeds. However, the question is whether soil fertility reduction is always necessary for getting plant species established on target sites. In a three-year field experiment with ex-arable soil with intensive farming history, we tested single and combined effects of soil fertility reduction and sowing mid-successional plant species on plant community development and soil biological properties. A controlled microcosm study was performed to test short-term effects of soil fertility reduction measures on biomass production of mid-successional species. Soil fertility was manipulated by adding carbon (wood or straw) to incorporate plant-available nutrients into organic matter, or by removing nutrients through top soil removal (TSR). The sown species established successfully and their establishment was independent of carbon amendments. TSR reduced plant biomass, and effectively suppressed arable weeds, however, created a desert-like environment, inhibiting the effectiveness of sowing mid-successional plant species. Adding straw or wood resulted in short-term reduction of plant biomass, suggesting a temporal decrease in plant-available nutrients by microbial immobilisation. Straw and wood addition had little effects on soil biological properties, whereas TSR profoundly reduced numbers of bacteria, fungal biomass and nematode abundance. In conclusion, in ex-arable soils, on a short-term sowing is more effective for grassland restoration than strategies aiming at soil fertility reduction.     

Comparison of allometric equations and biomass expansion factors for six evergreen broad-leaved trees in subtropical forests in southern Korea

This study was conducted to compare the allometric equations and biomass expansion factors (BEFs) of six dominant evergreen broad-leaved trees (Camellia japonica L, Castanopsis sieboldii Hatus, Quercus acuta Thunb, Q. glauca Thunb, Machilus thunbergii S. et Z., and Neolitsea sericea Koidz) in subtropical forests. A total of 86 trees were destructively sampled to quantify the aboveground biomass of each tree component (i.e., leaves, branches, and stem). Species-specific or generalized allometric equations and species-dependent BEFs were developed for each tree component of the six broad-leaved forest trees. Species-specific allometric equations were significant (P < 0.05), with the diameter at breast height (DBH) accounting for 68–99% of the variation, whereas generalized allometric equations explained 64–96% of the variation. The values of stem density ranged broadly from 0.49 g cm^?3 for C. sieboldii to 0.79 g cm^?3 for Q. glauca, with a mean value of 0.68 g cm^?3. The BEFs were significantly (P < 0.05) lower for C. sieboldii (1.25) than for M. thunbergii (2.02). Stem density and aboveground BEFs had a significant negative relationship with tree ages. The results indicate that species-specific allometric equations and species-dependent BEFs are applicable for obtaining accurate biomass estimates of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests.     

荒漠植物红砂地上和地下生物量分配关系对大气CO2浓度升高及降水量变化的响应

植物的生物量在各器官中的分配可反映植物对环境的适应性及其生长策略。未来大气CO₂浓度显著升高将引起降水量的变化,而这种变化必将对荒漠植物的生物量分配产生严重影响。本研究以荒漠优势植物红砂（Reaumuriasoongorica）1年生苗木为试材,采用开顶式CO₂控制气室模拟CO₂浓度变化（350 μmol·mol^-1和700 μmol·mol^-1）,研究了降水变化（-30%,0,+30%）及其与CO₂的协同作用对红砂生物量分配及相关生长关系的影响。结果表明：CO₂浓度升高对不同降水量下红砂地上和地下生物量均具有显著的促进作用（P<0.05）;降水减少,红砂生物量向地下分配的比例增加,但CO₂增加会减弱这一作用;CO₂浓度升高和降水变化通过影响红砂地上和地下器官的相对生长来影响生物量在不同器官中的分配,6种处理下的红砂地上-地下生物量分配斜率与1.0差异不显著,其相对生长关系均表现为等速生长。未来大气CO₂浓度升高及降水变化下,红砂生物量分配模式对环境变化的响应在一定程度上支持了最优分配假说。