生物质微米燃料富氧燃烧特性分析

采用热重分析法对生物质微米燃料在不同体积分数氧条件下的燃烧特性进行研究,结果表明:随着氧体积分数的增加,生物质微米燃料的挥发分初析出温度、着火温度和燃尽温度不断降低,可燃性增强;平均和最大质量损失速率呈增加趋势,提高了燃烧强度.燃烧特性指数随着氧体积分数的增加而变大,当氧体积分数达到60%后,改善趋势变缓.     

林火干扰对兴安落叶松林下植被多样性和生物量的影响

以寒温带大兴安岭受林火干扰的兴安落叶松林下植被为研究对象,采用植物多样性测度方法和收获法,分析火烧强度和自然恢复年限对林下植被物种多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明:在不同火烧强度的影响下,林下植被物种多样性有所降低,Shannon-Wiener指数表现为随林火强度呈递减趋势,Margalef指数表现出未过火区中度火烧迹地轻度火烧迹地重度火烧迹地的规律;火烧降低了林下植被的总生物量,主要降低的是灌木生物量;重度火烧和轻度火烧后草本生物量有所提升,但提升量不足以改变总生物量降低的趋势。在自然恢复过程中,Margalef指数表现为先升高后降低的单峰变化趋势,而Pielou指数的变化趋势与之相反;恢复年限与植被生物量呈正相关关系,草本生物量在经过5 a恢复后逐渐达到一个稳定期,灌木生物量在1~10 a的自然恢复期内持续增长。     

川西北不同程度沙化草地植被和土壤特征研究

以川西北不同程度沙化草地为研究对象,通过科学调查、采样和公式计算,对植被群落、生物量、土壤含水量、容重和孔隙度等特征因子进行分析,以揭示川西北地区由湿地到严重沙化草地演替的不同阶段植被和土壤特征的变化情况.结果表明:随着草地沙化程度加剧,群落呈现出“湿生-中生-旱生”的演替过渡格局,群落高度和盖度降低,物种丰富度下降幅度达88％,优势物种构成也发生较大变化;生物多样性指数在轻度沙化草地群落中最高,总生物量下降幅度达90.4％,群落地下生物量远大于地上生物量;沙化过程中,土壤中含水量和持水量下降、容重增大、孔隙度减小.沙化初期土壤特征变化明显,应针对这一现象在沙化初期开展恢复治理工作.     

Earthworm communities in native savannas and man-made pastures of the Eastern Plains of Colombia

 The structure and seasonal changes of earthworm communities were evaluated in a natural savanna and in a improved grass-legume pasture in a Colombian oxisol over a period of 18 months. One plot of 90×90 m was isolated in each of the systems and each month five samples of 1 m²×0.5 m and ten of 20×20×20 cm were randomly selected from a stratified block design. Species richness was similar in the two evaluated plots (seven species), whereas diversity measured by the index, H (Shannon and Weaver 1949) was clearly different, i.e. H=2.89 in natural savanna and H=1.29 in pasture. This is explained by differences in earthworm community structure. The average annual density in the savanna was 49.8, ranging from 10.8 to 135.8 individuals (ind) m^–2, and biomass was 3.3 g m^–2 (hand-sorting method), ranging from 0.9 to 11.5 g m^–2. In the man-made pasture, density was 80.1 ind m^–2 on average, ranging from 24 to 215.8 ind m^–2 and biomass was more than tenfold higher, ranging from 29.2 to 110.4 g m^–2. This was especially due to the presence of a large glossoscolecid anecic species, Martiodrilus carimaguensis Jiménez and Moreno, which has been greatly favoured by conversion of savanna to pasture. Endogeic species were dominant in the natural savanna whereas the anecic species accounted for 88% of total earthworm biomass in the pasture. Total earthworm density and biomass were significantly different in the two systems studied (t-test). The results indicate a clearly positive response of earthworm communities to improved pastures, a type of land use that is being increasingly adopted in moist neotropical savannas. Received: 20 October 1997     

水热条件与特定区域天然牧草生物量的关系

天然牧草生物量与气候因素存在着不可分割的联系,但气象因素对植物生长发育或生物量的影响并非是简单地与某个气象因子有关,植物在生长发育的不同阶段,同一气象要素所反映的作用效果具有很大的差异。文章在前人工作的基础上．对天然牧草生长发育各个阶段的气象因子进行分析,讨论了天然牧草生物量的时空分布与水热条件的关系。     

柠条人工林下草本植被特征与土壤特性相关性研究

为探索黄土丘陵沟壑区最佳的柠条（Caragana Korshinskii）平茬措施,本研究以该区柠条人工林为研究对象,对其进行4种不同方式的平茬措施,分析在不同平茬措施的柠条林下草本植被特征与土壤特性的相关关系。结果表明：隔行平茬措施下草本生物量最大,柠条林下各土层土壤含水量与草本地上生物量密切相关,且以负相关关系为主;草本植物多样性各指数均与土壤含水量呈负相关关系,40～80 cm土层的土壤含水量与Simpson指数的相关性显著（P<0.05）,与Shannon-wiener指数的相关性极显著（P<0.01）;土壤养分各指标与草本植物多样性没有显著相关性,在0～60 cm土层内,土壤碱性越大,草本生物量越大,20～40 cm土层土壤有机质越小,草本生物量越大。综合以上结果,在该区域采取柠条隔行平茬措施最佳。     

福建柏人工林生物量的研究

福建柏 (ＦｏｋｉｅｎｉａｈｏｄｇｉｎｓｉｉＨｅｎｒｙｅｔＴｈｏｍａｓ)为我国二类重点保护树种 ,其树形优美 ,主干通直 ,适应性强 ,木材性质优良 ,是我国南方值得推广的树种。由于人为破坏 ,福建柏天然纯林被毁殆尽 (张炳荣 ,1 982 )。自 50、60年代 ,福建省开始营造福建柏人工林 ,不少已进入中成龄阶段 ,成为重要的森林资源。但对其进行的研究还很少。 1 997年我们对安溪半林国有林场福建柏人工林的生物量及其结构进行了研究 ,以期对福建柏人工林的研究提供基础资料 ,也为了解福建柏人工林的生产力 ,以对其进行合理经营提供科学依据。1…     

Effects of NaCl stress on seed germination, leaf gas exchange and seedling growth of Pteroceltis tatarinowii

Effects of NaCl on seed germination, leaf gas exchange and seedling growth were investigated. The germination of P. tatarinowii seeds was delayed in the presence of NaCl, and was significantly inhibited when NaCl concentration exceeded 17 mM (1.0 g·L⁻¹). NaCl treatments induced reductions of transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate and their reductions were significant with the increasing of NaCl concentration. However, intercellular CO₂ concentration in seedling leaves under salt stress was significantly higher than that of controls. There was a significant reduction in survival, basal diameter increment and height increment with increasing NaCl concentration 50 days after NaCl treatment, and a significant reduction in the dry weight increment of roots, stems, and leaves was also observed in the NaCl treatments. The deleterious effect on the biomass increment was more evident in the case of stems and leaves. Results from this study suggest that P. tatarinowii is sensitive to salinity stress and the salinity threshold for seedling growth might be less 34 mM (2.0 g·L⁻¹). Biography: FANG Sheng-zuo (1963–), male, Professor, College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China.     

Biomass burning in Brazil's Amazonian “arc of deforestation”: Burning efficiency and charcoal formation in a fire after mechanized clearing at Feliz Natal, Mato Grosso

Estimates of greenhouse-gas emissions from deforestation are highly uncertain because of high variability in key parameters and because of the limited number of studies providing field measurements of these parameters. One such parameter is burning efficiency, which determines how much of the original forest's aboveground carbon stock will be released in the burn, as well as how much will later be released by decay and how much will remain as charcoal. In this paper we examined the fate of biomass from a semideciduous tropical forest in the “arc of deforestation,” where clearing activity is concentrated along the southern edge of the Amazon forest. We estimated carbon content, charcoal formation and burning efficiency by direct measurements (cutting and weighing) and by line-intersect sampling (LIS) done along the axis of each plot before and after burning of felled vegetation. The total aboveground dry biomass found here (219.3 Mg ha⁻¹) is lower than the values found in studies that have been done in other parts of the Amazon region. Values for burning efficiency (65%) and charcoal formation (6.0%, or 5.98 Mg C ha⁻¹) were much higher than those found in past studies in tropical areas. The percentage of trunk biomass lost in burning (49%) was substantially higher than has been found in previous studies. This difference may be explained by the concentration of more stems in the smaller diameter classes and the low humidity of the fuel (the dry season was unusually long in 2007, the year of the burn). This study provides the first measurements of forest burning parameters for a group of forest types that is now undergoing rapid deforestation. The burning parameters estimated here indicate substantially higher burning efficiency than has been found in other Amazonian forest types. Quantification of burning efficiency is critical to estimates of trace-gas emissions from deforestation.     

不同抚育技术对杉木幼林生长及群体结构的影响

对不同幼林抚育技术对杉木幼林生长和群体结构的影响进行定位研究 ,结果表明 :抚育技术对杉木保存率和生长有较大的影响。块状抚育和全垦抚育可提高杉木的保存率 ,而不抚育的杉木保存率则最低。树高和抽梢高基本上表现出块状抚育 >全垦抚育 >带状抚育 >劈草抚育 >不抚育 ,并且在后期更为明显 ;地径则基本上表现出全垦抚育 >块状抚育 >带状抚育 >劈草抚育 >不抚育。方差分析的结果表明抚育技术对地径的影响大于树高。多重比较表明 :除了不抚育外 ,其他 4种抚育技术均能有效地促进杉木生长 ,它们之间并没有多大的差异。块状抚育、全垦抚育、带状抚育和劈草抚育的总单株生物量分别为不抚育的 3 4 6、3 4 0、3 15和 1 11倍 ;块状抚育、全垦抚育、带状抚育、劈草抚育和不抚育的根 茎比分别为 0 1992、0 193 1、0 1673、0 3 5 75和 0 2 680。这可能是劈草抚育和不抚育的杉木对地下营养空间激烈竞争的一种适应现象。抚育技术对杉木群体树高和地径结构有一定的影响 ,尤其是对地径结构