基于生物量的冬小麦穗部主要形态参数模型

冬小麦穗部形态结构模型是功能–结构小麦模型的重要研究内容。以济麦22、泰农18和鲁原502为材料,于2013—2014和2014—2015年度开展了品种和施氮试验。结合2013—2014年数据,分析穗部主要形态参数与器官生物量的定量关系及形态参数间的内在联系,构建了冬小麦穗部主要形态结构模型。经2014—2015年小麦生长数据检验,除穗长模型精度略低外,穗宽、穗厚、颖壳长、颖壳宽、颖壳厚、籽粒长、籽粒宽和籽粒厚模型精度均较高,所建模型可较好模拟不同品种与施氮水平冬小麦穗部主要形态结构。     

生物质育苗钵及成型装备

针对植物育苗对泥炭资源的大量需求,从泥炭资源保护和可再生资源利用的角度出发,以农作物秸秆作为主要基质原料生产育苗钵,并设计了相应的基质装载成型装备.通过实验研究表明,农作物秸秆作为育苗钵基质具有良好的发展前景,基质装载成型装备的开发应用为高效批量生产育苗钵奠定基础.     

生物质能的开发与利用

全世界总能耗的七分之一来自生物质能,约有15亿以上的人口仍把生物质能作为他们的主要能源。生物质能是唯一既具有矿物燃料属性,又有可储存、可再生、可转换等特点,并较少受自然条件制约的能源。生物质经过转化可以成为有用的热能、电能和作为动力用的燃料,主要转换途径有直接燃烧、气化或液化。生物质经过气化可转化为高品位的一氧化碳、氢气和甲烷等可燃气体。经过厌氧消化,生物质可转化为沼气,生物质转化为液态燃料有热化、生化、机械和化学等方法。     

Carbon and nitrogen budgets of nematodes in arable soil

Summary The amounts of C and N that pass through the nematode biomass in four cropping systems, barley without and with N fertilization, grass ley and lucerne, has been estimated. The nematodes were sampled at the field site of a Swedish integrated research project Ecology of Arable Land: The Role of Organisms in Nitrogen Cycling. The nematode biomass was lower (200 mg dry weight m^–2) in the annual (barley) than in the perennial (grass and lucerne, 350 mg dry weight m^–2) crops. For respiration, the nematodes used 4–71 O₂m^–2 year^–1 corresponding to C liberation of 1.3%–2.0% of the carbon input to the soil. A higher relative contribution by bacterial-feeding nematodes to the C and N fluxes and a higher turnover rate of the nematode biomass is an indication of more rapid nutrient circulation in the annual than in the perennial cropping systems.     

高寒矮嵩草草甸地面热源强度及与生物量关系的初步研究

在青藏高原海北高寒矮嵩草草甸地区,依据2002年涡度相关法观测的能量平衡各分量资料和6-10月植物地上、地下生物量测定值,分析了高寒矮嵩草草甸近地表热量平衡、地面热源强度的变化特征,讨论了地面热源强度与植物生物量季节变化过程中的相互关系。结果表明:在青藏高原海北高寒矮嵩草草甸地区,年内地面均为热源,热源强度季节变化明显,地面热源强度年平均为88.5 W/m2;地上生物量季节变化与热源强度具有显著的正相关关系,而地下生物量季节变化与热源强度关系不明显。     

耕作对旱区坡耕地土壤碳素转化及冬小麦产量的影响

利用长期定位试验(1999开始保护性耕作,2004年采样测定),在豫西旱区坡耕地上进行了不同耕作对土壤有机碳、微生物态碳及水分利用效率的影响研究。结果表明:深松覆盖和免耕覆盖处理的耕层有机碳增加较明显,以深松覆盖有机碳含量最高为6.79gkg-1,比传统耕作高13.82%,其次是免耕,较传统高11.58%,而少耕却较传统降低了1.38%,随着土层的加深,土壤有机碳含量降低,0～60cm有机碳平均值,深松和免耕较传统分别增加了14.08%、5.41%,少耕较传统减少1.12%。土壤微生物碳对耕作敏感,其含量免耕>深松>传统>少耕,分别为206.87mgkg-1、138.43mgkg-1、115.42mgkg-1和112.57mgkg-1,较传统增加79.3%、19.9%和-2.5%。土壤有机碳和土壤微生物态碳都有坡下富集现象。少耕、免耕、深松和传统的SMBC/SOC的值分别为1.91%、3.11%、2.04%和1.93%,免耕和深松对培肥地力、改善环境有好的应用前景;同时免耕覆盖与深松覆盖可提高产量,增产分别达10.22%与9.26%;可提高水分利用效率。     

Grazing intensity alters soil respiration in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau

Grazing intensity may alter the soil respiration rate in grassland ecosystems. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the influence of grazing intensity on temporal variations in soil respiration of an alpine meadow on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau; and (2) characterise the temperature response of soil respiration under different grazing intensities. Diurnal and seasonal soil respiration rates were measured for two alpine meadow sites with different grazing intensities. The light grazing (LG) meadow site had a grazing intensity of 2.55 sheep ha⁻¹, while the grazing intensity of the heavy grazing (HG) meadow site, 5.35 sheep ha⁻¹, was approximately twice that of the LG site. Soil respiration measurements showed that CO₂ efflux was almost twice as great at the LG site as at the HG site during the growing season, but the diurnal and seasonal patterns of soil respiration rate were similar for the two sites. Both exhibited the highest annual soil respiration rate in mid-August and the lowest in January. Soil respiration rate was highly dependent on soil temperature. The Q₁₀ value for annual soil respiration was lower for the HG site (2.75) than for the LG site (3.22). Estimates of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange from monthly measurements of biomass and soil respiration revealed that during the period from May 1998 to April 1999, the LG site released 2040 g CO₂ m⁻² y⁻¹ to the atmosphere, which was about one third more than the 1530 g CO₂ m⁻² y⁻¹ released at the HG site. The results suggest that (1) grazing intensity alters not only soil respiration rate, but also the temperature dependence of soil CO₂ efflux; and (2) soil temperature is the major environmental factor controlling the temporal variation of soil respiration rate in the alpine meadow ecosystem.     

不同育成年份冬小麦苗期根冠生物量分配

为探讨品种更替过程中小麦苗期根冠生物量分配的演变趋势,以历年来黄淮海麦区大面积推广种植的22个冬小麦品种为研究对象,采用砂培的方法进行幼苗培养,分析小麦种子萌发后不同时间根、冠生长及生物量分配的变化规律。结果表明:冬小麦种子萌发后第3天幼苗根数在品种间无显著差异,第9天、第15天随着品种更替的进行呈现出显著下降的趋势,现代品种初生根数目显著低于早期品种。在第3天、第9天、第15天,小麦苗期幼苗生长随品种更替呈现不同的变化趋势,芽长显著下降,但根长无显著差异。可见,冬小麦苗期芽干质量在品种改良过程中未发生明显变化,而根干质量和根冠比呈现出显著下降的趋势,冬小麦苗期现代品种地上部分分配到更多的生物量。     

Deep neural network algorithm for estimating maize biomass based on simulated Sentinel 2A vegetation indices and leaf area index

Accurate estimation of biomass is necessary for evaluating crop growth and predicting crop yield.Biomass is also a key trait in increasing grain yield by crop breeding.The aims of this study were(i)to identify the best vegetation indices for estimating maize biomass,(ii)to investigate the relationship between biomass and leaf area index(LAI)at several growth stages,and(iii)to evaluate a biomass model using measured vegetation indices or simulated vegetation indices of Sentinel 2A and LAI using a deep neural network(DNN)algorithm.The results showed that biomass was associated with all vegetation indices.The three-band water index(TBWI)was the best vegetation index for estimating biomass and the corresponding R2,RMSE,and RRMSE were 0.76,2.84 t ha−1,and 38.22%respectively.LAI was highly correlated with biomass(R2=0.89,RMSE=2.27 t ha−1,and RRMSE=30.55%).Estimated biomass based on 15 hyperspectral vegetation indices was in a high agreement with measured biomass using the DNN algorithm(R2=0.83,RMSE=1.96 t ha−1,and RRMSE=26.43%).Biomass estimation accuracy was further increased when LAI was combined with the 15 vegetation indices(R2=0.91,RMSE=1.49 t ha−1,and RRMSE=20.05%).Relationships between the hyperspectral vegetation indices and biomass differed from relationships between simulated Sentinel 2A vegetation indices and biomass.Biomass estimation from the hyperspectral vegetation indices was more accurate than that from the simulated Sentinel 2A vegetation indices(R2=0.87,RMSE=1.84 t ha−1,and RRMSE=24.76%).The DNN algorithm was effective in improving the estimation accuracy of biomass.It provides a guideline for estimating biomass of maize using remote sensing technology and the DNN algorithm in this region.     

水曲柳天然林生物生产力及营养元素的积累与分布的研究

通过对样地水曲柳天然林的各器官生物量的测定和化学元素分析,研究了生物生产力及营养元素的积累与分布规律。结果表明:林龄为43a的水曲柳天然林乔木层地上部生物量为135.749 t/ha,其中干材为79.891 t/ha,干皮为13.191 t/ha,大枝(未着生叶)为23.961t/ha,小枝(着生叶)为12.830t/ha,叶为5.877 t/ha;乔木层地上部平均净初级生产力为4.539 t/ha·a,其中叶为1.519t/ha·a,仅次于干材;近期(5a)平均净初级生产力为8.390 t/ha·a,其中叶为4.012 t/ha·a,是器官之中最高者;地上各器官营养元素含量因器官、元素而异,但尤以叶的含量最高。根据分析结果,从植物营养学角度出发,提出了以发展针叶树为主的“栽阔养针”的观点,对生产实践具有重要指导意义。