生物质成型燃料技术特点及经济效益分析

在分析生物质成型燃料技术特点和项目社会关系的基础上,选取湖北省1家生物质成型燃料企业为研究对象,对其经济效益进行分析.结果显示,该企业净现值为正值,项目可行;内部收益率14.0％,项目收益较高;动态投资回收期10.7年,项目风险较大.对影响经济效益的不确定性因素分析:成型燃料售价对经济效益影响极其敏感,敏感系数为10.6,其次是原料收购价格,敏感系数为6.4,政府对项目建设补贴较敏感,税收政策影响不敏感,敏感系数分别为1.8和0.55.根据新出台的税优惠政策,内部收益率可提高至21.7％,如政府对成型燃料售价补贴10％,加上税收优惠,内部收益率将达到36.8％,动态授资回收期下降到4.3年,经济效益显著,项目风险低.     

4种土壤对紫穗槐萌发及生长的影响

[目的]研究不同土壤对紫穗槐萌发及生长的影响。[方法]运用室内栽培的方法,测定了紫穗槐在沙土、山坡土、黏土、森林土中的发芽、生长情况。[结果]不同土壤中紫穗槐发芽势和发芽率表现依次为沙土>山坡土>黏土>森林土。主根生长最好的是森林土。森林土的侧根生长最好,山坡土次之,然后是黏土和沙土。下胚轴在森林土的生长最好,在沙土的生长最差。沙土和黏土中紫穗槐根的生物量最好,并在第12天的时候开始就明显高于其他土壤。4种土壤中的下胚轴生物量都差不多,以森林土的较高,而山坡土的积累的干重较多。叶的干重以沙地的最高。[结论]紫穗槐在沙土中的发芽率最高,在森林土中的生长量最大。     

盐池沙地主要饲料灌木树种特性的观测

为了更好地提高灌木饲料林的经营管理水平,提高其利用率,在过去研究的基础上(李生宝等,1993,王　北等,1992),对饲料灌木树种的特性进行了研究。1　研究地区自然及社会经济概况研究地位于北纬37°47′～38°40′,东径106°42′～107°45′,为宁夏盐池县北部毛乌素沙地西南边缘。干旱少雨,风多沙大,光热资源丰富,年均气温77℃,1月平均气温-89℃,7月平均气温223℃,年温差312℃,≥10℃的积温29449℃,年日照时数28679ｈ,无霜期145ｄ,年降水量250～300ｍｍ,且主要集中在7、8、9几个月,约占全年降水量的60%以上,年变率大于30%,蒸发量是降水量的72倍…     

Response of seedlings growth of Pinus sylvestriformis to atmospheric CO_2 enrichment in Changbai Mountain

IntroductionGIobaIchangehasbeenoneoftheimpoFtantis-suesandscientistspaycIoseattentiontoit.ThegreatimportanceofforestecosystemisreflectednotonlybytheirhUgebiomass,butaIsobytheirsignifi-cantroIeintheglobaIcarbonbaIance.Howtreesrespondtoclimaticchangesmightbeofgreatsig-nificance.ManystudiesindicatethattherisingatmosphericCo,leveIscanmakeasubstantialeffectonplantgroWthanddevelopment.SomeonethinkcommonlythattherisingCo,levelscanstimuIatepIantgroWthandbiomassproduction,sincephotosynthesisofC…     

海岸带复合农林业水杉林带生物量估测模型的研究

根据海岸带复合农林业不同立地类型（旱作田和水旱轮作田）水杉林带生物量的测定资料，建立了水杉林带树干、树枝、树叶、地上部分、地下部分及全株生物量模型。经择优分析，确认数学模型ｌｎｙ＝ａ＋ｂ．ｌｎｘ为水杉林中器官生物量的最优估测模型；以树冠体积（ｃ＾２ｈ）估测枝、叶量的效果好于对树干体积（Ｄ＾２Ｈ）的估测效果；其余器官生物量的估测则以Ｄ＾２Ｈ为佳。     

Effects of high- vs. low-yield environments on selection for increased biomass yield in switchgrass

No information is available on the effects of different biomass yield environments on selection efficiency in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) breeding improvement. This study was conducted to assess the effects of high- and low-biomass yield environments (HYE and LYE, respectively) on recurrent selection for general combining ability (RSGCA) in a lowland population of switchgrass (NL-94). The top 14 of 65 NL-94 C₀ parent plants were selected based on biomass yield of half-sib (HS) progeny tested for one post-establishment year under HYE and LYE conditions. Nine of the 14 C₀ parent plants were the same based on HS performance under HYE and LYE. Selected plants were intercrossed to produce NL-94 HYE and NL-94 LYE C₁ populations. One hundred and twenty-five HS C₁ progeny families (60 NL-94 HYE and 65 NL-94 LYE) were evaluated for biomass yield for 3 years (2002–2004) under HYE and LYE conditions. The HYE produced about 2.5 times higher biomass yields than the LYE in both C₀ and C₁ HS progeny tests. Estimated additive genetic variance and predicted gains from selection (ΔG) were high in the C₁ populations indicating that RSGCA should achieve higher biomass yields. Mean biomass yields of C₁ HS families originating from the LYE protocol were significantly higher than those of families originating from the HYE protocol in both HYE and LYE performance tests, suggesting greater selection response under LYE in the C₀ population. The estimates of narrow-sense heritability ( ) and ΔG from the C₁ populations indicate that positive response to selection for biomass yield is possible in subsequent cycles of selection under either HYE or LYE, with a possible small advantage for HYE.     

柴油机代用燃料——生物柴油的试验研究

本文阐述了笔者从1985年初开始利用棉籽油作原料,加入适量催化剂,经过酯化反应、清洗过程,生产出性能与0^#柴油相当的代用燃料——生物柴油的试验研究工作。它的生产工艺简便,易于掌握,技术可行,能否大量生产取决于资源及经济可行性条件。经分析,目前直接采用食用油做原料制造柴油代用品经济上不合算,但通过产品综合利用开发,可降低成本,潜力很大。液体燃料的代用具有广阔前景。     

Microbial C and N dynamics during mesophilic and thermophilic incubations of ryegrass

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine C and N dynamics during the decomposition of ryegrass straw under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. A K_C of 0.61 was developed for the chloroform-fumigation extraction method to estimate microbial biomass C. These estimates showed that the C and N requirement of the thermophilic biomass was approximately 50% of the mesophilic biomass. There was no relationship between chloroform-fumigation microbial biomass estimates and plating of microorganisms from straw on specific media. Mineralized C was measured as 185 and 210 g kg^-1 straw in the 25°C and 50°C treatments, respectively. The efficiency of microbial substrate use, on a total straw basis, was 34 and 28% in the 25°C and 50°C incubations, respectively. The level of soluble C declined more slowly than total C mineralization at both temperatures, indicating that a portion of the labile C was not readily biodegradable. The addition of N decreased the rate of C mineralization at both temperatures. The reduced N requirement of the thermophiles explains why rapid degradation of the high C:N residue occurred without additional N or the need for the addition of a low C:N ratio substrate. Additional inoculum did not affect the decomposition process. We conclude that the promotion of thermophilic biomass activities, through composting for example, may prove useful in upgrading agricultural wastes for introduction into sustainable cropping systems.     

Effect of nutrient compositions in peat hydrolysate on protein and biomass yields of Candida tropicalis

Summary Research was conducted to study the effect of nutrient compositions, at different levels, added in peat hydrolysates on biomass yields and protein of Candida tropicalis. Samples of Minnesota sphagnum peat were hydrolyzed by boiling at 100°C with 1-1 H₂SO₄ solutions to produce peat hydrolysates which can support the growth of yeast. Peat hydrolysates were adjusted to pH 5.5 and mixed with mineral nutrients (NH₄NO₃, NaH₂PO₄ + Na₂HPO₄, KCl, and MgSO₄) and glucose. Among the single nutrients tested, glucose produced the most significant enhancement of biomass yields, followed by NH₄NO₃, NaH₂PO₄ + Na₂HPO₄, KCl, and MgSO₄. NH₄NO₃ was found to be the most important single nutrient affecting protein accumulation in yeast cells, followed by glucose > NaH₂PO₄ + Na₂HPO₄ > KCl > MgSO₄. However, protein and biomass production was significantly (P 0.05) greater for combined nutrients than for any single-nutrient enrichment. The level of residual reducing sugars in peat hydrolysate was inversely proportional to cell counts and optical densities. Addition of high concentrations of nutrients delayed the time of reaching to stationary phase in optical density, cell counts, and pH of yeast cultures. In general, as nutrients were increased, significant (P 0.05) increases in productivity and cell density were observed. However, specific growth rate decreased with increasing nutrient concentrations. It was concluded that nutrient amendments containing supplementary sources of C/N/P/K/S = 400:36:3.3:3.8:1 are most suitable for biomass production and the biosynthesis of protein by C. tropicalis.