不同林龄杉木林下套种阔叶树对土壤磷组分的影响

套种是杉木人工林经营的重要措施,磷是南方森林生态系统中主要限制性养分元素之一,但套种模式对土壤磷素的影响尚不明确。以亚热带杉木人工林表层(0-10 cm)土壤为对象,研究套种林(杉阔套种幼林、杉阔套种成熟林)和杉木幼林土壤理化性质和土壤各形态磷含量差异,分析套种对杉木人工林土壤磷含量的影响。结果表明:(1)不同套种林显著改变土壤总磷、土壤总无机磷、土壤总有机磷、土壤微生物生物量磷(MBP)和土壤酸性磷酸酶活性(APA),大小顺序均为杉阔套种成熟林>杉阔套种幼林>杉木幼林。(2)土壤各磷组分中活性磷含量较低,其中NaHCO3-Po在活性组分中占主导;土壤NaOH-Po是中等活性磷的主要组分,杉阔套种成熟林尤为显著;闭蓄态磷(Residual-P)在总磷含量中最高。(3)与杉木幼林相比,杉阔套种成熟林显著增加了树脂提取态磷(Resin-Pi)、碳酸氢钠提取态有机和无机磷(NaHCO3-Pi、NaHCO3-Po)、氢氧化钠提取态有机和无机磷(NaOH-Pi、NaOH-Po)、氢氧化钠残留提取态有机磷(NaOHu.s-Po)、盐酸提取态磷(HCl-Pi)和闭蓄态磷(Residual-P)含量;土壤总无机磷、NaHCO3-Po、HCl-Pi、NaHCO3-Pi、NaOHu.s-Pi和Residual-P对杉阔套种幼林的响应不敏感。(4)除含水率外不同林龄下杉阔套种林土壤磷形态与土壤理化性质(土壤总碳氮、土壤可溶性有机氮、土壤微生物生物量磷、酸性磷酸酶)呈正相关性(P<0.05)。冗余分析表明,土壤磷组分的变化主要受MBP调控,且MBP与有机磷组分(NaOHu.s-Po、NaOH-Po)和HCI-Pi呈显著正相关。总之,套种林的土壤磷素有效性高于杉木幼林,土壤养分状况更佳。     

栖霞市苹果园氮磷养分平衡及环境风险评价

栖霞市是中国最主要的苹果产区之一,近年来果园单位面积养分的大量投入造成了区域氮、磷元素的过量富集,进而对当地的土壤、水资源、大气等环境要素造成一定的污染。因此,了解苹果主产区施肥现状,并科学评价其环境风险具有重要的现实意义。以栖霞市为研究区域,通过实地调研、田间试验、室内模拟等方法,分析了苹果园氮磷养分的输入量及输出量,进而构建养分平衡模型,对区域环境风险进行了综合评价。研究结果表明:1)2018年栖霞市苹果园养分投入量为:有机质5360.28 kg/hm^2,N 545 kg/hm^2,P2O5568.76 kg/hm^2,K2O 712.57 kg/hm^2;2)氮素的气态损失、果实及枝条带走量各占输入总量的6.49%、24.34%、3.12%,盈余率达66.04%(402.97 kg/hm^2);磷素被果实和枝条带走量分别占输入总量的12.33%和2.55%,盈余率达85.12%(484.75 kg/hm^2);栖霞市氮、磷盈余量均超出环境安全的阈值,分别属于中风险和高风险范围。因此,在保证果园产量与品质的前提下,适当减少化肥使用量、逐步建立水肥一体化的果园施肥模式、提升果农科学的管理经验,应成为果园可持续发展的主攻方向。     

Microbial remediation of a pentachloronitrobenzene-contaminated soil under Panax notoginseng: A field experiment

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) is an organochlorine fungicide that is mainly used in the prevention and control of diseases in crop seedlings. Microbial removal is used as a promising method for in-situ removal of many organic pesticides and pesticide residues. A short-term field experiment (1 year) was conducted to explore the potential role of a PCNB-degrading bacterial isolate, Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85, in the remediation of a PCNB-contaminated soil on which Panax notoginseng was grown. The following three treatments were used:i) control soil amended with wheat bran but without YNS-85, ii) soil with 0.15 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (A), and iii) soil with 0.30 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (B). The removal of soil PCNB during the microbial remediation was monitored using gas chromatography. Soil catalase and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) esterase activities were determined using spectrophotometry. In addition, cultivable bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were counted by plating serial dilutions, and the microbial biodiversity of the soil was analyzed using BIOLOG. After 1 year of in-situ remediation, the soil PCNB concentrations decreased significantly by 50.3% and 74.2% in treatments A and B, respectively, when compared with the uninoculated control. The soil catalase activity decreased in the presence of the bacterial isolate, the FDA esterase activity decreased in treatment A, but increased in treatment B. No significant changes in plant biomass, diversity of the soil microbial community, or physicochemical properties of the soil were observed between the control and inoculated groups (P<0.05). The results indicate that Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85 is a potential candidate for the remediation of PCNB-contaminated soils under P. notoginseng.     

参与碳氮磷转化的水解酶对不同施肥响应的差异

本文旨在研究土壤水解酶对不同施肥的响应差异以及影响因素。通过在红壤中添加牛粪有机肥、化肥进行90d的室内土壤培养试验,采用微孔板荧光法动态分析5、30和90d参与碳氮磷转化的土壤水解酶(α-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶)活性。与不施肥(对照)相比,在30 d后,化肥处理的总酶活性显著下降,对应的参与碳氮磷转化酶活性均有不同程度下降;而有机肥处理的总酶活性在培养期内均未发生显著变化,但是其α-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶显著增加,而磷酸酶活性显著降低。参与碳转化的4种水解酶中,只有α-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活性对施肥的响应较强,且施加有机肥增加其活性而无机肥则降低其活性;对于参与氮转化的水解酶而言,化肥明显抑制了亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性,而有机肥增加了β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性;磷酸酶活性明显受到有机肥的抑制作用,而对化肥的响应总体不明显。不同水解酶对不同施肥的响应有明显差异,NMDS分析表明,α-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶响应最明显,其次为磷酸酶与木聚糖酶;相关和冗余分析显示,土壤p H、可溶性有机碳对酶活性的影响最大,一定程度说明了不同肥料通过影响土壤理化性质进而影响水解酶活性。     

生物有机肥对宁夏盐碱地土壤养分和生物学特性的影响

为了探讨生物有机肥施用对宁夏引黄灌区盐碱地土壤化学和微生物特性的影响,明确生物有机肥的最佳施用量及施肥模式,以田间连续4年定位试验为依托,研究了生物有机肥施用量0(CK)、4.5(T1)、9.0(T2)、13.5 t/hm²(T3)及生物有机肥9.0 t/hm²配施无机化肥N 360 kg/hm²(T4)对盐碱地土壤养分含量、酶活性、微生物生物量、微生物群落碳源代谢活性及多样性和玉米产量的影响。结果表明:(1)施用生物有机肥可明显降低土壤p H和全盐含量,土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性随着生物有机肥施用量增加呈递增趋势,且在T2处理基础上增施无机化肥可显著增加土壤速效钾含量14.73%;(2)土壤微生物群落碳源代谢活性及多样性指数均随着生物有机肥施用量的增加而增加, T3处理土壤培养192 h时AWCD值为0.84,经Tukey检验分析, Shannon和Mcintosh指数较CK处理分别增加10.11%和62.67%;(3)随着生物有机肥施用量增加,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量呈递增趋势,各处理平均分别比CK处理增加66....     

菌剂挂膜3D-RBC联合BCO工艺处理养猪沼液废水

针对养猪沼液废水寡营养、高氨氮的水质特征,该研究采用耐高氨氮、适应贫营养生长的异养硝化-好氧反硝化（Heterotrophic Nitrification-Aerobic Denitrification,以下简称HN-AD）菌挂膜启动三维结构生物转盘+生物接触氧化反应器（3D-RBC+BCO）组合工艺对沼液进行处理。该文研究了3D-RBC+BCO组合工艺在真实沼液条件下的启动过程及污染物去除效果,重点考察了溶解氧（Dissolved Oxygen,DO）浓度和C/N比2个关键因素对组合工艺污染物去除效果的影响。同时,借助高通量测序技术对DO和C/N比优化过程中微生物群落结构的变化规律进行解析。结果表明：在真实沼液条件下,采用HN-AD菌剂挂膜启动方法,仅用12和18 d就分别完成3D-RBC和BCO反应器的挂膜启动,同时组合工艺对COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别稳定在94.8%、95.7%和80.1%,出水优于城镇污水厂排放一级B标准。在对3D-RBC反应器DO和C/N比的优化过程中,增设底曝后COD、NH4+-N和TN等指标的去除率分别降低了25.4%、15.4%和15.5%。高通量测序结果显示,增加底曝后3D-RBC盘片生物膜中微生物菌属的数量小幅下降,但HN-AD优势菌属的种类与丰度显著降低,导致脱氮效率下降;贫营养型Acinetobacter、Pseudomonas菌属是3D-RBC可以对真实沼液高效脱氮的关键,提高C/N比会显著降低其丰度,进而影响脱氮效果。     

土壤磷有效性及其与土壤性质关系的研究

选取我国14个不同地点土样,测定理化性质、全磷、速效磷、水溶性磷含量,采用通径分析研究土壤磷有效性与土壤性质的关系。结果表明,土壤磷有效性是各个土壤性质综合作用的结果。土壤CEC、有机碳、粘粒、砂粒、碳酸钙含量对土壤速效磷比例影响显著,土壤CEC、粘粒、砂粒含量对土壤速效磷比例贡献为正值,而土壤有机碳对土壤速效磷比例贡献为负值;土壤pH和CEC含量对土壤水溶性磷含量影响显著,土壤pH对水溶性磷比例贡献为正值,土壤CEC对土壤水溶性磷比例贡献为负值。本文所选土样基本符合土壤磷有效性与土壤性质之间通径分析的结果。     

不同氮磷水平对南四湖区稻谷产量及肥料吸收利用的影响

为了确定南四湖区农田合理的氮磷肥投入量,减轻氮磷流失风险,对不同氮磷水平下稻田的稻谷产量及肥料吸收利用情况进行研究。结果表明,不施氮磷肥使耕层土壤氮磷含量明显下降,稻谷产量显著降低;减施30%氮磷肥显著提高了氮磷肥利用率,降低了稻谷产量。过量施用氮磷肥处理对稻谷产量无显著效果,且显著提高了耕层土壤硝态氮含量,明显降低了氮磷肥利用率,促进了水稻对氮素的积累,对水稻磷素积累无显著效果。稻谷氮磷累积量明显高于稻草,稻谷和稻草含氮量均随氮磷肥施用量的增加而增大。氮磷肥利用率随氮磷肥施用量的增加而降低。减施15%氮磷肥对土壤氮磷含量和稻谷产量均影响不大,显著提高了氮磷肥利用效率,降低了经济成本,减轻了氮磷素流失风险,是南四湖区稻田较好的氮磷肥施用模式。     

不同磷效率油菜根际土壤磷活化机理研究

筛选和培育耐低磷植物是缓解磷矿资源缺乏和提高磷肥利用效率的有效途径之一。本研究在前期材料筛选的基础上,通过根箱试验研究不同磷效率油菜根际土壤磷活化机理,其结果如下:在施磷和不施磷处理条件下,磷高效油菜品种B56（HG）的吸磷量和生物量均高于磷低效品种B10（LG）;两油菜品种根际土壤中的NaHCO3-Pi, NaHCO3-Po和 NaOH-Pi,NaOH-Po四种磷素形态均有显著的亏缺现象;磷高效品种（HG）根际土壤上述四种磷素形态亏缺程度大于磷低效品种（LG）,但Resin-P则出现富集,并且HG的富集程度大于LG,这可能与HG具有较高吸磷能力有关。两油菜品种根际土壤HCl-Pi 和 残渣态磷（Residual-P）没有发生明显的亏缺现象。相比较而言,HG能分泌更多的酸性磷酸酶,该酶活性与NaHCO3-Po含量呈显著的负相关,说明酸性磷酸酶对有机磷矿化起着非常重要的作用。     

Plant carbon inputs and environmental factors strongly affect soil respiration in a subtropical forest of southwestern China

Soil respiration is a large component of global carbon fluxes, so it is important to explore how this carbon flux varies with environmental factors and carbon inputs from plants. As part of a long-term study on the chemical and biological effects of aboveground litterfall denial, root trenching and tree-stem girdling, we measured soil respiration for three years in plots where those treatments were applied singly and in combination. Tree-stem girdling terminates the flow of carbohydrates from canopy, but allows the roots to continue water and nutrient uptake. After carbon storage below the stem girdles is depleted, the girdled trees die. Root trenching immediately terminates root exudates as well as water and nutrient uptake. Excluding aboveground litterfall removes soil carbon inputs, but allows normal root functions to continue. We found that removing aboveground litterfall and the humus layer reduced soil respiration by more than the C input from litter, a respiration priming effect. When this treatment was combined with stem girdling, root trenching or those treatments in combination, the change in soil respiration was indistinguishable from the loss of litterfall C inputs. This suggests that litterfall priming occurs only when normal root processes persist. Soil respiration was significantly related to temperature in all treatment combinations, and to soil water content in all treatments except stem girdling alone, and girdling plus trenching. Aboveground litterfall was a significant predictor of soil respiration in control, stem-girdled, trenched and stem-girdled plus trenching treatments. Stem girdling significantly reduced soil respiration as a single factor, but root trenching did not. These results suggest that in addition to temperature, aboveground carbon inputs exert strong controls on forest soil respiration.