三疣梭子蟹养殖塘表层底泥异养细菌群落比较研究

采用菌落菌体形态观察和16SrDNA序列比对的方法,对三疣梭子蟹养殖健康塘和病害塘表层底泥中的异养细菌进行了比较研究。分离得到的255株细菌可分为13个菌落类群,33个菌体亚群。对占异养细菌总数34.5%的两个优势亚群(A-NS-SpR亚群,不产芽孢的球杆状菌;B-SF-SR亚群,产芽孢的短杆状菌)的16SrDNA序列分析结果表明,A-NS-SpR亚群属于变形菌门中的2个纲3个科8个属约12个种,其中Halomonas ventosae和Donghicola eburneus两个种数量最多,占该亚群菌株的59.1%。B-SF-SR亚群属于厚壁菌门芽孢菌纲的3个科4个属约12个种,其中Bacillus decolorationis和Halobacillus trueperi两个种数量最多,占该亚群菌株总数的60.6%。从属的水平上讲,Bacillus和Halomonas是优势属。A-NS-SpR亚群在健康塘中的丰度(菌株数量)明显高于病害塘,但多样性(种属数量)差别较小,其中Rhodobacteraceae科在两个塘中的数量差别最大。与此相反,B-SF-SR亚群在健康塘和病害塘中的丰度相当,但健康塘的多样性明显...     

凡纳滨对虾高位池养殖水体细菌变动及其与理化因子的关系

自2008年4月至8月,在广东省汕尾市红海湾凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）高位池养殖基地全程采集养殖池塘水样,检测水体细菌类群和理化因子,分析养殖过程中细菌类群的数量变化规律及其与环境因子的关系。结果显示,养殖过程中水体异养细菌、弧菌（Vibrio）和芽孢杆菌（Bacillus）的数量波动性较大,其中异养细菌波动范围1.35×10^4～1.39×10^6cfu·mL^-1,平均4.73×10^5cfu·mL^-1;弧菌波动范围1.05×10^3～5.20×10^4cfu·mL^-1,平均1.80×10^4cfu·mL^-1;芽孢杆菌波动范围0.11×10^3～4.30×10^3cfu·mL^-1,平均6.6×10^2cfu·mL^-1;粪大肠菌群（fecalcoliform）大多在1.0×10^2cfu·L^-1以内,平均0.97×10^2cfu·L^-1,远低于无公害食品海水养殖用水水质标准。对细菌与理化因子的单因子分析显示,异养细菌与溶解氧（DO）呈显著的负相关性（P〈0.05）,弧菌与pH呈极显著的负相关性（P〈0.01）,与化学需氧量（COD）和总磷（TP）呈显著的正相关性（P〈0.05）。多因子偏相关分析显示,异养细菌和弧菌与DO、pH、COD、TP的相关关系均不显著（P〉0.05）。结果表明,调查的养殖池塘对虾生长良好,该养殖池塘是安全、基本健康的系统,水环境中细菌数量受养殖系统中生物、环境因子及人为因素的影响和制约。     

Naturally occurring bacteraemia in American lobsters, Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards, in Long Island Sound

The health status of the American lobster, Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards, in Long Island Sound (LIS) has been in decline, with seasonal mortality events occurring since 1998. In order to assess the potential effects of environmental conditions on lobster health via haemolymph analysis, lobsters collected from various sites in LIS were examined and sampled while concurrent environmental data (water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen) were recorded. The pH of the haemolymph of each lobster was tested, followed by a collection of haemolymph for serum biochemistry analysis and bacterial culture. This report focuses on the results of the bacterial sampling. The majority of bacteria cultured were opportunistic pathogens commonly found in the environment, including some that are associated with sewage and pollution. The prevalence of bacteraemia was correlated with the site of collection, the month in which the lobsters were sampled, and water temperature.     

Beneficial properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from a Rana catesbeiana hatchery

This work addresses the selection of potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to be used in raniculture. Thus, strains belonging to the genera Pediococcus pentosaceus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactococcus lactis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from a Rana catesbeiana hatchery were evaluated for their inhibitory properties against RLS-associated pathogens ( Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis ) and food-borne bacteria. Cell-free supernatants of LAB strains inhibited the growth of at least one of the pathogens by organic acids, but L. lactis CRL 1584 also produced a bacteriocin-like metabolite. The ability of LAB strains to produce H₂O₂ in MRS+TMB medium was also studied. Seventy-eight to ninety six per cent of the strains showed some level of H₂O₂ production. Moreover, different organic solvents were used to determine the hydrophobicity and Lewis acid/base characteristic of LAB strain surfaces. Most of the strains presented hydrophilic properties, but no acidic or basic surface characters. However, some strains isolated from the skin showed a high degree of hydrophobicity and basic components in the cell surface due to their adhesion to chloroform. These properties were not observed in LAB from balanced feed and freshwater. Taking into account general guidelines and the beneficial properties studied, five strains were selected as potential candidates to be included in a probiotic for raniculture.     

Enhancement of innate immune system,survival and yield in Penaeus monodon reared in ponds using Streptococcus phocae PI80

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary and water supplementation of probiotic Streptococcus phocae PI80 on growth, immune response and feed utilization of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon in earthen ponds. The probiotic bacterium S. phocae PI80 was cultured in large fermenter (50 L) by adding additional carbon source in the form of molasses and glucose along with yeast extract as nitrogen source to enrich S. phocae PI80 biomass. This enriched S. phocae PI80 was administered to shrimp in feed (6.5 × 10¹³ bacterial cells mL^?1) as well as in pond water (5 L/pond). Shrimp growth performance was significantly improved (P < 0.05) in 120 days culture when the average body weight of treated molasses + yeast extract (MY) (28.41 ± 0.874 g), glucose + yeast extract (GY) (27.013 ± 0.698 g) was significantly higher than control (23.63 ± 0.684 g). Food conversion ratio FCR was also found to be reduced significantly in ponds treated with probiotics when compared with control pond (1.89 ± 0.09). Vibrio and luminescent bacteria were found to be lower in the treatment receiving MY group, and we hypothesize that this may lead to greater shrimp survival. Furthermore, fermentation product of S. phocae PI80 added to pond water and feed additives enhanced the shrimp immune system. The results indicated that total haemocytes count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO) activity, NBT reductase assay and phagocytic activity significantly increased in shrimps treated with S. phocae PI80. Our study demonstrates that administration of S. phocae PI80 in the water and feed at 6.5 × 10¹³ colony‐forming units (CFU) mL^?1 bacterial cells induce immune modulation and enhances the immune ability of P. monodon in pond‐reared shrimp and increased the shrimp production.     

水体富营养化中的氮素污染及生物防治技术研究现状

针对目前严重的水污染问题,综述了河流和湖泊富营养化污染的形成原因、产生的危害和其中重要污染因素"氮素"的污染状况,并对消除氮素污染的生物防治技术从基本方法、原理和工艺等方面进行了深入的探讨,为更好的解决水体氮素污染问题提供了依据。     

2种玉米青贮饲料青贮过程中主要微生物的变化规律研究

旨在研究玉米青贮过程中各主要微生物的数量变化及变化趋势.做去棒揉丝和带穗切段瓶制青贮,取青贮前玉米青贮原料及在装瓶后第0.5、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、9、11、13、15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50天的青贮样品,用无菌水浸泡,然后用选择性培养基培养其中的主要微生物,包括乳酸菌、酵母菌和霉菌,最后进行计数.结果表明,在玉米青贮密封后60 d内,水分含量变化很小.pH在第2天下降到4以下,然后稳定在3.5左右,带穗切段玉米青贮pH低于去棒揉丝玉米青贮.乳酸菌数量剧增,在第6、7天时达到最高峰,为109数量级,之后数量缓慢下降,于第15～20天时稳定在107数量级,去棒揉丝玉米青贮的乳酸菌数量在第7天达到最高峰,带穗切段玉米青贮则在第6天出现最高峰,其稍高于去棒揉丝玉米青贮.酵母菌在青贮初期数量有些波动,出现最高峰到达107数量级后数量随时间的延长而减少,去棒揉丝玉米青贮时酵母菌数量迅速下降,第40天后没有再检测到酵母菌的存在,而带穗切段玉米在青贮12 h之内数量迅速增加,之后缓慢下降,第50天后没有再检测到酵母菌的存在.霉菌因密封后氧气缺乏而数量很快减少,最晚在第11天左右便检测不到,去棒揉丝玉米青贮中霉菌数量下降较迅速,第4天之后便检测不到霉菌存在,而带穗切段玉米青贮则比较平缓,直到第11天之后便检测不到霉菌存在.综上所述,在玉米青贮过程中主要微生物随时间大致呈现逐步减少的趋势;对玉米秸秆进行纵切揉丝处理有利于玉米青贮饲料的制作.     

Changes in the predicted function of the rumen bacterial community of Japanese Black beef cattle during the fattening stages according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses

We investigated changes in the predicted functions of the rumen bacterial community in Japanese Black beef cattle during fattening. Nine cattle were fed a high-concentrate diet during the early, middle, and late fattening stages consecutively (10–14, 15–22, and 23–30 months of age, respectively). The rumen fluid and solid samples collected at each stage were subjected to sequencing analyses. The sequencing results were clustered and classified into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Representative sequences and a raw counting table for each OTU were submitted to the Piphillin website. The predicted functions were revealed by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database as the ratio of the total sequence. In the early stage, “Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites” was significantly higher in the fluid fraction than in the solid fraction. “Two-component system” in the middle stage was significantly lower and “Purine metabolism” in the late stage was significantly higher in the fluid fraction than those in the solid fraction. The fluid fraction was significantly correlated with acetic acid, propionic acid, and bacterial metabolism, such as “Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites” and “Sugar metabolism.” Moreover, the solid fraction was correlated with “Purine metabolism” and “Biosynthesis of secondary metabolism”. These results suggest that the rumen bacterial community in Japanese Black beef cattle adapts to changes in rumen conditions by altering their functions in response to a long-term high-grain diet.     

拮抗内生细菌与附生细菌及其组合对烟草赤星病的诱导抗性和控病作用

内生细菌菌株Itb162和附生细菌菌株Ata28能有效地抑制烟草赤星病，本试验观测和比较拮抗内生细菌和拮抗附生细菌及其混合菌液对烟草赤星病的控病作用及其对烟草苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性的诱导情况及病程相关蛋白的变化。结果表明，内生细菌和附生细菌及其混合菌液都能显著地抑制烟草赤星病，混合菌液处理效果最好。在诱导抗性试验中，经内生细菌和混合菌液处理，烟草体内PAL、PPO、POD活性有不同程度的提高，病程相关蛋白也有量的积累，而附生细菌没有诱导作用。上述试验结果说明内生细菌比附生细菌更易对烟草产生诱导抗性，其混合作用的诱导抗性主要来自于内生细菌。