老芒麦和紫芒披碱草及其杂种F1代与BC1代的ISSR分析

利用ISSR技术对老芒麦(El ymus sibiricus L.)和紫芒披碱草(Elymus purpuraristatus C.P)及其杂种F1代与BC1代的遗传差异性进行研究.结果表明,从90个ISSR引物中筛选出8个适宜引物,共扩增出71个ISSR位点,多态性位点比率为36.6％.供试材料的遗传距离变幅为0.230 8～0.659 1,老芒麦与紫芒披碱草的遗传距离较大(0.712 2),以GD值0.50为基准,分为两类,母本老芒麦、正交F1代、L-BC1、Z-BC1为一类.父本紫芒披碱草、反交F1代为一类,BC1代偏向轮回亲本老芒麦遗传.     

施用生物炭后塿土土壤微生物及酶活性变化特征

以小麦-玉米轮作试验为研究对象,探究了施用不同量生物炭对塿土土壤生物活性动态变化的影响。生物炭用量设5个水平:B0(0 t·hm-2)、B20(20 t·hm-2)、B40(40 t·hm-2)、B60(60 t·hm-2)和B80(80 t·hm-2),氮磷钾肥均作基肥施用。结果表明:生物炭可显著提高土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和玉米收获后碱性磷酸酶活性,但对蔗糖酶和小麦季碱性磷酸酶活性影响不显著,且显著提高土壤酶指数;提高土壤微生物量碳氮含量,用量为80 t·hm-2时效果最显著,但降低土壤微生物量碳氮比;显著增加土壤三大类微生物类群的数量,增幅随其用量的增加而增加。动态变化显示,越冬期的土壤微生物量碳氮含量最低,但微生物量碳在拔节期出现高峰,而土壤微生物量氮在返青期出现高峰,与作物生育旺盛时期一致;显著减少微生物量碳和微生物量碳氮比的季节波动。施用生物炭可显著改善土壤微生物和酶活性,土壤酶指数为土壤酶活性的综合表征,可全面反映土壤酶活性对生物炭的响应特征,能够作为一种土壤质量评价方法。     

四川紫色土和黄壤中铬和砷两种元素背景值的判定

<正> 紫色土是在紫色岩风化物上发育形成的土壤。紫色岩是侏罗纪和自垩纪时期厚度较大的湖积物,其风化特点以物理风化为主,化学风化弱,因此,风化物的性质与母岩相近。形成的土壤肥沃,富含磷、钾及微量元素,是四川省的主要农业耕作土壤。多分布于全省低中丘陵地形区域。黄壤是湿润亚热带地区的地带性土壤,四川省的黄壤主要分布于盆地西部台地     

斑茅杂种甘蔗BC1品系的模糊综合评判

应用模糊综合评判法对斑茅杂种甘蔗BC117个单系进行模糊综合评判分析,结果表明:YCE01-33、YCE01-35、YCE01-37、YCE01-39等4个品系的表现均比较优秀,可以作进一步利用;其余品系可以少利用.此外,应用模糊评分法检验的结果亦相似.     

Comparisons of Various Chemical Extracts as Quantity Factors to Determine Metal-Buffering Capacity of Soils

Applicability of various chemical extracts was investigated as quantity (Q) factors to determine cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) desorption quantity–intensity (Q/I) relationships in soils. The metal extracts were sums of sequential metal fractions (except the residual fraction) using Tessier's (TSE) and Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) procedures and various single chemical extracts: 1.0 M potassium nitrate (KNO₃), 1.0 M magnesium nitrate [Mg(NO₃)₂], 1.0 M magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), and 0.11 M acetic acid (CH₃COOH) solutions. Water-extractable metal was applied as a fixed intensity (I) factor. The TSE or BCR metal fractions were significantly correlated with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable metals, and all the metal desorption Q/I curves were linearly fitted. However, most of metal BC values estimated by using the single chemical extracts were very low and did not have consistent trends for target metals. Only 0.11 M CH₃COOH-extractable metals might be reliable. Therefore, TSE and BCR metal fractions can be applicable to replace DTPA-extractable metals, and 0.11 M CH₃COOH-extractable metals might also be useful.     

水稻脆秆突变体bc1-wu3的鉴定与基因克隆

【目的】茎秆机械强度与植株抗倒伏性直接相关。发掘脆秆突变体,克隆其相关基因有助于了解茎秆机械强度遗传机制,为抗倒伏育种提供理论依据。【方法】在经~(60)Co-γ诱变的粳稻品种武育粳3号后代群体中获得一个脆秆突变体,命名为bc1-wu3(brittle culm 1 from Wuyujing3),以突变体bc1-wu3为母本,Kasalath为父本构建相应的F_2分离群体,采用图位克隆的方法定位相应脆秆基因。【结果】与野生型相比,突变体的叶片、叶鞘、茎秆等组织在全生育期始终表现为脆性,易折断;穗长和粒长显著降低,粒宽显著增加。茎秆细胞细胞壁糖成分测定表明,细胞壁中纤维素含量极显著下降,而木糖、葡萄糖及阿拉伯糖含量则显著增加。茎秆切片观察发现突变体茎秆的厚壁细胞层数减少,厚壁细胞细胞壁极显著变薄。遗传分析表明,bc1-wu3脆性性状受1对隐性核基因控制。采用图位克隆的技术将该基因定位于第3染色体标记MK12与MK18之间,物理距离为57 kb,在此定位区段内包含1个已克隆的脆性基因BC1(LOC_Os03g30250)。测序结果表明,突变体bc1-wu3中BC1基因第2外显子内(CDS 659处)有1个碱基的替换(G-T),导致编码氨基酸由半胱氨酸变异为苯丙氨酸。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,BC1基因在脆秆突变体bc1-wu3茎秆中的表达量显著降低。【结论】据此推断本研究中定位的脆秆基因bc1-wu3为BC1新等位基因。相关结果加深了对BC1基因功能的认识,有助于阐明水稻茎秆强度遗传机制。     

基于HTP标记对玉米DH、RIL和BC群体遗传规律的比较分析

以先玉335双单倍体(Doubled Haploids,DH)群体、掖107×昌7-2重组自交系(Recombined inbred lines,RIL)群体和京724×京92回交1代(Backcross,BC)群体为试材,采用全基因组覆盖的新型区块标记——单倍型标签多态性(haplotype-tag polymorphisms,HTP)标记,从基因型分离比、亲本遗传片段和重组交换3个角度解析DH、RIL、BC群体的遗传规律。结果表明,DH群体虽然偏分离高于BC群体,平均交换频率低于RIL群体,但该群体样本中不存在杂合和外源片段,均为纯合片段;平均亲本遗传片段长度为384个HTP,高于RIL群体;单代上拥有最高的重组交换次数,相较于其他群体,在群体特点和创制成本等方面具有较多优势。     

In vitro metabolism in Sprague-Dawley rat liver microsomes of forsythoside A in different compositions of Shuang-Huang-Lian

Shuang–Huang–Lian (SHL), a traditional Chinese formula containing Lonicerae japonicae flos (LJF), Scutellariae radix (SR) and Forsythiae fructus (FF), is commonly used to treat acute upper respiratory tract infection, acute bronchitis and light pneumonia. Forsythoside A is one of the main active ingredients in Forsythiae fructus, a key herb in SHL. In the present study, effects of different compositions in SHL on the in vitro metabolism in Sprague–Dawley rat liver microsomes of forsythoside A were investigated. The observations from Sprague–Dawley rat liver microsomes in the presence of β-NADPH or UDPGA that forsythoside A may be the substrates of CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP1A2, UGT1A6, UGT1A3, UGT1A1 and UGT1A9; Chlorogenic acid may be the substrates of CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP1A2, CYP2C19, UGT1A6, UGT1A3 and UGT1A1; Baicalin may be the substrates of CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP1A2, UGT1A9, UGT1A1 and UGT1A3; Baicalein may be the substrates of CYP3A4, CYP2E1 and UGT1A6. It was also found that the residue of forsythoside A in SHL, FF + LJF and FF + SR was greatly increased compared with that in FF in Sprague–Dawley rat liver microsomes in the presence of β-NADPH or UDPGA, which indicated that the metabolism of forsythoside A in SHL may be influenced by chlorogenic acid in LJF acting on the CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP1A2, UGT1A6, UGT1A3 and UGT1A1; baicalin in SR acting on the CYP3A4, CYP1A2, UGT1A9, UGT1A1 and UGT1A3; baicalein acting on the CYP3A4 and UGT1A6 respectively.     

披碱草与野大麦及其杂种F1、BC1F1同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳方法,对加拿大披碱草、野大麦及其杂种F1、BC1F1幼苗的过氧化物酶（POD）和酯酶（EST）同工酶进行了分析。结果表明,杂种F1代POD同工酶谱表现为双亲的互补类型,正、反交F1的酶谱基本相同,杂种F1的EST同工酶谱亦主要表现为双亲的互补类型。杂种F1代POD和EST同工酶谱中亲本的个别酶带有丢失现象,又各产生了2条杂种带。BC1F1代POD同工酶谱的酶谱基本相同,EST酶带特征差异较大,出现双亲互补带和杂种带,并且有酶带的丢失现象。BC1代的POD和EST同工酶谱明显地受轮回亲本野大麦的影响,说明回交使野大麦的某些性状在BC1代进一步加强。聚类分析结果表明,株系P1F1-2与Y1F1-2及P1F1-6与P1F1-7有极其近的遗传关系,野大麦与BC1F1代各株系较披碱草有较近的遗传关系。POD与EST同工酶具多态性,可作为遗传标记用于杂种鉴定和目标性状植株的检测。     

Solution chemistry in acid forest soils: Are the BC : Al ratios as critical as expected in Switzerland?

The molar ratio of base nutrient cations to total dissolved aluminum (BC : Al_tot) in the soil solution was measured at six forest sites in Switzerland in acid mineral soils to determine whether the ratio measured in the field was lower than the critical value of 1, as predicted by the mapping of exceedances of critical loads of acidity. The soil chemistry was then related to the soil solution composition to characterize the typical effective base saturation (BS) and BC : Al ratio in soil leading to critical BC : Al_tot in the soil solution. The median BC : Al_tot ratio in the soil solution never reached the critical value in the root zone at any sites for the whole observation period (1999–2002), suggesting that the BC : Al_tot ratios measured in the field might be higher than those modeled for the determination of critical loads of acidity. The gibbsite model usually applied for the calculation of critical loads was a poor predictor of the Al³⁺ activity at the study sites. A curvilinear pH‐pAl³⁺ relationship was found over the whole range of pH (3.8–6.5). Above a pH of 5.5, the slope of the pH‐pAl³⁺ relation was close to 3, suggesting equilibrium with Al(OH)₃. It decreased to values smaller than 1.3 below a pH of 5.5, indicating complexation reactions with soil organic matter. The BS and the BC : Al ratios in the soils were significantly correlated to the BC : Al_tot ratios in the soil solution. The soil solutions with the lowest BC : Al_tot ratios (≤ 2) were typically found in mineral soils with a BS below 10 % and a BC : Al ratio in the soil lower than 0.2. In acid pseudogleyed horizons overlying a calcareous substrate, the soil solution chemistry was strongly influenced by the composition of the underlying soil layers. The soil solutions at 80 cm had pH values and BC : Al_tot ratios much higher than expected. This situation should be taken into account for the calculations of critical loads of acidity.