无过载离心泵设计参数与性能关系研究

根据无过载离心泵最大轴功率与额定轴功率比值(功率备用系数K)公式,通过推导,将K表示成仅与比转数、叶片出口角和叶片数相关的函数,以此函数给出了K的三维曲面以及在不同叶片数下K关于叶片出口角和泵比转数的等高线.K和叶片数关系不大,叶片出口角、泵比转数对K影响较大;在相同的K下,比转数越高,可取的最大叶片出口角越大.由等高线图可以根据比转数、K选择合理的叶片出口角.实例证明,该方法能够快捷实现无过载离心泵设计,避免了传统方法叶片出口角选择的盲目性.     

水科学中应用数理统计方法应注意

对回归方程误差的影响因素进行了分析，导出了回归方程的均方误差与其影响因素之间的关系式。分析表明，复相关系数(或相关系数)一定时，倚变量的变差系数越大，回归方程的均方误差就越大；回归分析时，应对回归方程的误差进行分析。对于样本均值估计总体均值，给出了基于误差限制的样本容量的计算式。研究表明，应考虑样本变差系数对估计精度的影响。     

宽顶堰平板压差式量水闸过流规律

灌区水量的测量问题正日益受到关注。对于平原灌区，研究利用以淹没出流为主的工作闸门进行渠道量水具有现实意义。基于孔板式流量计的测流原理，提出一种平板压差式量水闸门。选择不同闸门开度e与闸门上游水深H组合，通过室内试验研究分析了闸孔淹没出流的相关测流规律，得出实用的流量系数经验公式。结果表明，该型闸门结构简单，取压方便，量水精度较高，集水位流量调控与测量为一体，适合应用于平原灌区。     

CTM系列汽车拖拉机综合测试仪在汽车滑行阻力系数测定中的应用

介绍了汽车滑行阻力系数的测定方法,理论分析和试验结果均表明:应用CTM系列汽车拖拉机综合测试仪,在测定汽车滑行距离的同时,测定汽车滑行阻力系数的方法简便、可靠。     

疏勒河灌区新垦盐碱地洗盐定额试

根据疏勒河灌区新垦盐碱地土壤含盐量高，需采用水平明沟排水冲洗改良的实际，开展了不同冲洗定额的洗盐效果试验研究，提出了排盐地区系数经验公式与冲洗定额对数函数计算公式。根据表层土壤含盐量高的特点，提出了以0~30cm土层作为冲洗改良盐碱地脱盐控制层的准则，并制定了相应的洗盐定额。     

Determination of growth-stage-specific crop coefficients (Kc) of cotton and wheat

Development of crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) to reference evapotranspiration (ETo), can enhance ETc estimates in relation to specific crop phenological development. This research was conducted to determine growth-stage-specific Kc and crop water use for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) at the Texas AgriLife Research field at Uvalde, TX, USA from 2005 to 2008. Weighing lysimeters were used to measure crop water use and local weather data were used to determine the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Seven lysimeters, weighing about 14 Mg, consisted of undisturbed 1.5 m × 2.0 m × 2.2 m deep soil monoliths. Six lysimeters were located in the center of a 1-ha field beneath a linear-move sprinkler system equipped with low energy precision application (LEPA) and a seventh lysimeter was established to measure reference grass ETo. Crop water requirements, Kc determination, and comparison to existing FAO Kc values were determined over a 2-year period on cotton and a 3-year period on wheat. Seasonal total amounts of crop water use ranged from 689 to 830 mm for cotton and from 483 to 505 mm for wheat. The Kc values determined over the growing seasons varied from 0.2 to 1.5 for cotton and 0.1 to 1.7 for wheat. Some of the values corresponded and some did not correspond to those from FAO-56 and from the Texas High Plains and elsewhere in other states. We assume that the development of regionally based and growth-stage-specific Kc helps in irrigation management and provides precise water applications for this region.     

Simulation of transpiration, drainage, N uptake, nitrate leaching, and N uptake concentration in tomato grown in open substrate

Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO₃⁻ leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO₃⁻ concentration. The component models simulate NO₃⁻-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO₃⁻-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO₃⁻-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r²) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L⁻¹. Simulated values of average NO₃⁻ concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.     

插入式地下滴水器的研制与水力性能试验分析

在对现有滴头、滴箭等产品结构改进与优化设计的基础上,研制开发出一种具有快速装拆、移动灵活、抗堵塞功能的插入式地下滴水器产品,通过产品的具体结构组成与工作原理分析,进行了其流量均匀性、压力-流量关系的试验研究,结果表明:插入式地下滴水器所需起始工作压力低,额定流量小,具有较稳定的水力性能,适合用于对缺水区非密植作物的补充性抗旱灌溉,起到提高设备利用率、有效降低灌溉系统投资的作用,且能成功地把地表滴灌转化为地下滴灌的应用模式.     

关中地区夏大豆蒸发蒸腾及作物系数的确定

作物系数-参考作物蒸发蒸腾量法是作物需水量计算最普遍采用的方法。作物系数作为该方法的重要参数,它的确定已成为作物需水量研究的关键问题。依据2005-2007年3年田间试验资料,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了关中地区夏大豆全生育期间参考作物蒸散量,并利用农田水量平衡方程及土壤水分胁迫系数计算了作物实际蒸发蒸腾量,由此计算了大豆各生育阶段的作物系数,并分析了大豆作物系数变化规律。结果表明:关中地区大豆全生育期间参考作物蒸散量平均为524.6 mm;大豆作物系数全生育期平均为0.82,在开花~结荚阶段最大,平均为1.22,其次为结荚~成熟阶段,平均为1.05,播种~幼苗最小为0.26;在关中气候背景下,大豆作物系数与大于10℃积温具有较好的二次多项式关系。     

秸秆旋埋还田后空间分布效果仿真与试验

对传统旋耕机(TR)、秸秆旋埋还田机(SR)和深松+秸秆旋埋还田机(SSR)进行了秸秆还田离散元仿真和田间试验对比。通过设计的秸秆三维坐标测量装置对秸秆在土壤中的空间坐标进行了测量,并在三维绘图软件中还原了秸秆在土壤中的空间状态,及秸秆在三维图中量化及可视化显示。对取样立方体进行分层、横向及纵向划分等探究了秸秆在土壤中垂直分布及水平分布的均匀性。利用离散元软件建立了相应的仿真模型,并与田间试验设定了相同的作业参数,在仿真作业完成后,通过设置不同尺寸的Geometry Bin计算区域内秸秆数量,并分别对应实际田间作业的分层、横向和纵向划分。在分层处理中,仿真与实测结果表明,SR和SSR埋入土壤中的秸秆量都明显大于TR,尤其是埋入土壤下层的秸秆量均是TR的数倍。TR、SR和SSR作业后各层秸秆占比仿真值和实测值的变异系数均呈递减趋势,其中SSR的变异系数最小,分别为28. 8%和28. 7%。3种耕作装备下仿真值与实测值的变异系数相差不大,平均误差为9. 6%。横向和纵向划分中,TR、SR和SSR的各区域秸秆占比仿真值和实测值的变异系数无绝对规律,SSR的变异系数均最小。离散元仿真和田间试验结果表明,SSR秸秆还田后,秸秆在土壤中垂直分布和水平分布的均匀性均最优。离散元仿真较好地拟合了实际田间作业后秸秆的空间分布状态,相对误差在可接受范围内。