Attraction and antennal response of the common wasp,Vespula vulgaris (L.), to selected synthetic chemicals in New Zealand beech forests

BACKGROUND: The common wasp, Vespula vulgaris (L.), and the German wasp, Vespula germanica (F.), are significant problems in New Zealand beech forests (Nothofagus spp.), adversely affecting native birds and invertebrate biodiversity. This work was undertaken to develop synthetic attractants for these species to enable more efficient monitoring and management. RESULTS: Seven known wasp attractants (acetic acid, butyl butyrate, isobutanol, heptyl butyrate, octyl butyrate and 2,4‐hexadienyl butyrate) were field tested, and only heptyl butyrate and octyl butyrate attracted significantly higher numbers of wasps than a non‐baited trap. Accordingly, a series of straight‐chain esters from methyl to decyl butyrate were prepared and field tested for attraction of social wasps. Peak biological activity occurred with hexyl butyrate, heptyl butyrate, octyl butyrate and nonyl butyrate. Polyethylene bags emitting approximately 18.4–22.6 mg day^?1 of heptyl butyrate were more attractive than polyethylene bags emitting approximately 14.7–16.8 mg day^?1 of heptyl butyrate in the field. Electroantennogram (EAG) studies indicated that queens and workers of V. vulgaris had olfactory receptor neurons responding to various aliphatic butyrates. CONCLUSION: These results are the first to be reported on the EAG response and the attraction of social wasps to synthetic chemicals in New Zealand beech forests and will enable monitoring of social wasp activity in beech forests. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

陕西蚜茧蜂滞育诱导研究和田间滞育调查

[目的]探讨温度和光周期2种因素在蚜茧蜂滞育诱导中发挥的作用及影响程度,筛选最适温度与光周期组合。[方法]对陕西地区影响蚜茧蜂滞育的诱导因素和蚜茧蜂田间滞育情况进行研究。[结果]蚜茧蜂的滞育型为冬滞育型,低温并配合短光照(L∶D=8∶16)可明显诱导蚜茧蜂滞育,其中温度为8℃时滞育率可达47.6%。在温度25℃的条件下,所设置的光周期条件下均不能诱导蚜茧蜂滞育。自然条件下,陕西地区蚜茧蜂大多以老熟幼虫越冬,田间滞育率最高达82.2%,其余个体以蛹或预蛹越冬,田间滞育期持续4~5个月。[结论]试验结果为蚜茧蜂投入实际生产提供了参考。     

普通小球藻和雨生血球藻之间的化感效应

为了探讨经济微藻之间是否存在化感互利效应的问题,进行了普通小球藻和雨生血球藻之间的化感作用效应试验。试验设置了氮、磷营养限制和正常营养2个水平,普通小球藻和雨生血球藻分别作为受体被培养在相对应的供体藻滤液中的处理,测定了藻细胞密度、生物量和叶绿素a含量等指标。结果表明：①普通小球藻滤液对雨生血球藻的生长具有化感促进效应,雨生血球藻滤液对普通小球藻同时存在化感促进或抑制效应。②在正常营养条件下,2种微藻的细胞密度均呈现较明显的互利促进效应,普通小球藻滤液对雨生血球藻细胞密度的增加量为5.5%-15.8%;雨生血球藻滤液对普通小球藻细胞密度的促进量为2.0%-16.8%。③在营养限制条件下,普通小球藻滤液对雨生血球藻具化感促进作用,细胞密度的促进量为2.3%-13.0%;而雨生血球藻滤液对普通小球藻却产生化感抑制效应,细胞密度的抑制率为10.0%-14.1%。     

New Genetic Markers in a Wild Species of Beet (Beta nana Boiss. et Heldr.): Prospects for Utilization

In a study of variation in 13 enzymes occurring in B. nana, unique and invariant phenotypes were found for five of these enzymes, when compared with a range of other wild and cultivated beets. In similar comparisons unique alleles were found in B. nana for two other enzyme loci. For the remaining six enzymes B. nana was found to have variation and alleles which were common to other forms of beet. It is concluded that reliable markers for B. nana exist, and that this species represents a source of novel genes for sugar beet breeding.     

The First Step Towards a Decision-support System for Sugar-beet Growing: Selection of a Basic Growth Model

Four simulation models were tested for their suitability as a basic growth model in a decision support system for sugar beet growing in The Netherlands. SUCROS and SUBEMO are complex, mechanistic models; LINTUL and PIEteR are relatively simple regression models including causal relationships at a higher level of integration. All four models are dynamic, i.e. they calculate daily development and production rates.
The selected model had to be able to predict root and sugar yields accurately and to correct for suboptimal water contents of the soil. It should be possible to include location-specific data and new modules, e.g. for nitrogen fertilization or plant density. Finally, the farmer should be able to collect the required input data easily and cheaply.
The tests showed that PIEteR predicted root and sugar yields best, partly because it contained water-balance corrections, based on location-specific soil characteristics. PIEteR could not be applied universally because of its regression character at a high level of integration, but it met the requirements specified.     

解决四倍体西瓜工厂化生产中常见问题的途径

西瓜四倍体工厂化生产中存在试管苗玻璃化,黄化死亡,鳞片状分化、不生根等不利问题,在MS中NH4NO3含量减半的情况下,前两者可得到有效的控制;用连续增殖,连续壮苗的方法,解决了西瓜四倍体鳞片状分化的难题;用茎尖扩繁的最佳培养为MS（含量半量NH4NO3）＋2.0mg/L BA 0.2-0.3mg/L NAA;利用混合添加生长素（0．1mg/L IBA 0.1mg/NAA）有效的防止了四倍体多次继代不生根现象,为西瓜四倍体无性系保存及工厂化生产提供了完整的技术体系。     

砂地柏杀虫作用研究概况

概述了杀虫植物砂地柏 (Sabina vulgaris Ant.)中杀虫活性物质的化学特性、活性强度、作用方式、作用机理、构效关系及应用等方面的研究情况及进展。通过对砂地柏杀虫作用研究结果的总结和分析 ,为其开发和实际应用研究提供依据     

真蛸孵化过程的初步研究

2007年4月-2008年5月,在嵊山后头湾养殖场进行了真蛸生态育苗试验,研究发现,不同成熟度的真蛸亲体,在卵巢的形状、大小以及卵细胞形态、色泽上有明显差异,并据此可划分为发育间期、成熟期和临产期3个时期。而孵化过程则可分为卵裂初期、＂红珠＂期、＂黒珠＂期及幼蛸出膜期4个阶段。在水温23-28℃、盐度28-31下孵化,约需32 d,孵化过程中受精卵的大小变化不明显,亲体有极强的护卵习性。     

Location-Specific and Across-Location Selections for Seed Yield in Populations of Common Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Two populations of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., were used to make three independent location-specific selections at Palmira, Quilichao, and Popayán, Colombia. Also, three across-location selections were made by alternating generations between Palmira and Popayan, between Quilichao and Popayán, and among Palmira, Quilichao, and Popayán. The seven highest yielding lines selected from each environment and population along with 14 parents and two checks were evaluated for seed yield, seed weight, maturity, and reaction to an-thracnose, angular leaf spot, and common bacterial blight. Mean squares due to evaluation and selection environments, selected lines, and their interactions were significant for all traits. Mean yields of selected lines were higher than the mean of parents in both populations. Among location-specific selections, lines yielded higher at their respective selection site. Moreover, selections made at Popayán were higher yielding than those made at Quilichao or Palmira when tested across locations and years. Use of Popayán, a relatively wetter and cooler site, either alone or in combination with other locations resulted in higher yield, higher seed weight, and higher resistance to anthracnose. On the average, location-specific selections were lower yielding than the across-location selections. Among across-location selections, those selected between Palmira and Popayán were the highest yielding in both populations. Selections at Palmira and across all three locations resulted in greater stability.     

臭柏的核型分析

臭柏（Ｓａｂｉｎａ ｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ）体细胞染色体数目为２ｎ＝２２,其核型公式为２ｎ＝２ｘ＝４ｎ（ｓｃ）＋１６ｍ＋２Ｍ,按Ｓｔｅｂｂｉｎｓ的核型分类原则,臭柏的核型属１Ａ型。