Cultivars and cultivation systems for organic strawberry production in Norway

Cultivars and cultivating methods for organic strawberry production were studied in experiments in open fields and high plastic tunnels during four cropping seasons in southern Norway. In open fields, flowers and fruits were attacked by grey mould when the flowering and harvest seasons were wet, and marketable yield was reduced by up to 20%. Production in high tunnels showed a potential of high yields of fruits of good quality when strawberry powdery mildew was controlled. Berry size varied significantly among the cultivars. ‘Frida’ had the largest fruits followed by ‘Sonata’ and ‘Florence’, while ‘Polka’, ‘Korona’ and ‘Iris’ had the smallest fruits. All cultivars yielded well, but due to fruit decay caused by grey mould the marketable yield was significantly reduced, especially in open field. Grey mould was the most important factor influencing marketable yields. Fruits from matted rows were largest, while the highest yield was obtained on woven polyethylene. There were no effects of mulching methods on marketable yield or the amount of fruits with grey mould. High tunnels with good control of pests and diseases showed a potential of high and stable yields of good quality.     

贵州葡萄属3个野生种浆果品质分析

从外观品质和内在品质两个方面评价了原产于贵州的6份野生葡萄浆果品质。结果表明,贵州野生葡萄果粒小、糖酸比低、出汁率低、丹宁含量高。果实品质存在种间差异,其中刺葡萄的果穗和果粒较大,毛葡萄的可溶性固形物含量(15.97%)高于对照水晶,而腺枝葡萄的单宁含量高达1 178.17 mg.L-1,为对照的2.63倍。同种不同单株间果实品质差异大小因种而异,外观品质中差异最明显的是腺枝葡萄的两个单株,刺葡萄的两个单株品质差异也较明显,而毛葡萄的两个单株品质差异较小。刺葡萄菜园刺2006年和2007年的果实品质明显不同。     

无核白葡萄果实发育期间矿质元素和营养成分变化

无核白葡萄在果实生长发育期间，果实的增大主要在其生长前期和转熟后的一段时间；果实转熟后，糖分积累明显加快，有机酸含量迅速下降；果实中Ｎ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｂ含量在其发育的前期最高，随着果实的膨大，各元素浓度呈下降趋势，但变化幅度趋缓。Ｋ的浓度在果实转熟期后，随着糖分的增高而升高。单果中各元素的含量在不同发育期内总体表现为增高趋势。     

Water status,leaf area and fruit load influence on berry weight and sugar accumulation of cv. ‘Tempranillo’ under semiarid conditions

Berry weight (BW) and sugar concentration (SC) are relevant indices in viticulture since they can be easily measured and, when considered together, give a relatively fair estimation of grape quality. This work aims to evaluate the influence of water availability, leaf area and fruit load on BW and SC, estimating the relative importance of these factors. Leaf area (LA), berry number (BN), yield (YLD), water potential in summer (ψ_pd-s), BW and SC were measured in 16 and 17 ‘Tempranillo’ vineyards in 1999 and 2000, respectively. In all the vineyards, according to local practices, the irrigation amount decreased as summer progressed. The study vineyards comprised a broad range of situations concerning leaf area, fruit load and water status in summer. Average leaf water potential in summer and LA/BN ratio, when considered together, estimated properly BW (R² = 0.91; P < 0.001) and, in a similar way, ψ_pd-s and LA/YLD ratio estimated SC (R² = 0.74; P < 0.001). The relative weight of ψ_pd-s in both relationships was much higher than that of any of the LA:fruit ratios, showing that, under semiarid conditions, water availability plays the main role in regulation of berry growth and sugar accumulation and, therefore, the highest attention should be paid in these areas to irrigation management, seeking the degree of stress that allows optimizing the combination of yield and berry quality in each situation.     

三倍体葡萄品种花粉形态及其坐果率的研究

对2个三倍体葡萄姊妹系品种无核早红和红标无核及其亲本巨峰(四倍体)和郑州早红(二倍体)的单花平均雄蕊数、花粉大小和形态、花粉萌发率及三倍体品种不同授粉处理的坐果率进行了观察。结果表明,花粉大小、花粉整齐度因葡萄品种的倍性不同而呈显著相关性,从花粉形态也可以看出因倍性不同而有差异,不同授粉处理对三倍体品种的坐果率有不同程度的影响,但都显著高于自花坐果率。     

根域加温对促成栽培绯红葡萄生长发育的影响

连续2年以“Y”形整枝的2年生葡萄绯红(VitisviniferaL.cv.Cardinal)品种为试材,在超早促成栽培的早期进行根域土壤加温处理,探讨其对根域土壤温度、树体发育和果实品质的影响。结果表明,根域加温提高促成栽培早期土壤温度约10℃,各物候期均早于未加温处理2～5d,新梢生长好,叶面积大;花穗发育好,单株果穗数显著增加;果汁含糖量和果皮花青素含量增加,可滴定酸降低,果实品质提高;果粒重量、果穗重量和单株产量均显著高于未加温处理。并就根域加温效果的形成机理进行了探讨。     

便携式小浆果采收器

设计了一种便携式小浆果采收器,建立了采收器—果枝系统的运动方程,并对其进行简化、分析,获得果枝位移方程、采收器机体端部横向位移方程,分析确定了操作把手的最佳位置。采收作业时采收器的激振频率在稍高于系统固有频率的范围内进行工作。选择适当的激振频率,机体振动强度较小。选择适当的操作位置可以减小操作者的劳动强度。     

反复冻融法对枸杞多糖溶出率的研究

[目的]探究反复冻融法对枸杞多糖溶出率的影响。[方法]通过对解冻温度、冻结时间、冻融次数、冻结温度进行单因素试验及正交试验,验证反复冻融法对枸杞多糖的提取效果影响。[结果]当温度低于45℃时,枸杞多糖的溶出率随温度的升高而升高,当温度高于45℃时,枸杞多糖的溶出率却降低;随着冻融次数的增多,枸杞多糖的溶出率逐渐增大,但超过3次以后溶出率提升并不明显;随着冻结时间的增长,枸杞多糖的溶出率逐渐增大,当冻结时间超过3 h后,枸杞多糖溶出率趋于平稳,无明显变化;随着冻结温度的降低,枸杞多糖的融出率逐渐增大,当冻结温度低于-24℃后,枸杞多糖融出率趋于平稳,无明显变化。[结论]反复冻融法提取枸杞多糖的最佳工艺组合为:解冻温度45℃,冻融次数4次,冻结时间3 h,冻结温度-28℃。     

Influence of methyl jasmonate in conjunction with ethanol on the formation of volatile compounds in berries belonging to the Rosaceae

The effect of methyl jasmonate in combination with ethanol on the formation of aroma constituents in berryfruit belonging to the Rosaceae was investigated. Postharvest treatments of raspberries, strawberries and blackberries were carried out. After evaluating the aromatic fractions of the berries, esters and terpenes were the most abundant compounds. There were different effects of the treatment according to the berry species. In contrast to raspberries, which exhibited a significant decline (p < 0.05) in the total amount of volatiles after treatment, a significant (p < 0.05) enhancement of total volatile compounds was observed in strawberries, while no significant effect was found in blackberries. Esters and terpene compounds responded similarly in strawberries and blackberries suggesting similarity in the biochemistry of their aroma synthesis. In contrast, raspberry volatile compounds showed a different pattern, reflecting different biosynthetic pathways for aroma formation in raspberry. The natural volatile compounds, methyl jasmonate and ethanol, seemed to have either promoting effects on the formation of the (−)-enantiomers of chiral terpenes and ionones or inhibitory effects on the synthesis of the corresponding (+)-enantiomers.     

巨峰葡萄主梢和副梢坐果与内源激素的关系

巨峰葡萄副梢坐果率、有种子果粒率、果粒的平均种子数明显高于主梢。在小花发育过程中主梢的小花重、小花纵径、横径明显重于或大于副梢。主梢花的子房壁明显厚于副梢，子房壁的细胞层数也多于副梢，但子房壁的细胞大小两者之间没有差异。另外胚珠、珠心大小也没有差异。主梢小花中的IAA与细胞分裂素水平较高，ABA水平较低，副梢小花中的GA水平较高。开花前2～3周用高浓度的NAA与CPPU处理副梢小花则加重落花落果。由此可见，开花前小花中较高水平的IAA与细胞分裂素很可能是加快小花发育和引起落花落果的原因。