水温对淡水温水性鱼类生命活动的影响

水温是影响鱼类生命活动的重要生态学因子。综述水温对淡水温水性鱼类的影响,为鱼类资源的增殖和水体生物多样性保护提供参考。从繁殖、摄食生长、代谢速率、临界游泳能力、免疫功能5方面的鱼类生命活动进行综述,其中,水温对鱼类的繁殖和生长影响最大,当水温适宜时,多数淡水温水性鱼类的各项生理活动都能正常进行;但当水温超过临界温度时会导致机体内代谢紊乱、活动能力降低、甚至造成鱼类死亡,最终引起鱼类种群结构和数量分布的显著变化。鱼类的临界游泳能力和高强度运动之后的重复运动能力也会受到水温的影响;鱼类免疫应答受水温影响较大,水温严重不适会导致免疫防御机制紊乱。水温只是影响鱼类生存的生态因子之一,但在航道建设、河流生态修复、鱼类资源评估以及水生态系统保护过程中均占据不容忽视的地位。在河流开发以及水文调节过程中,要最大限度降低其对水温生态因子的影响。     

Global-scale genetic structure of a cosmopolitan cold-water coral species

• 1. When considering widely distributed marine organisms with low dispersal capabilities, there is often an implication that the distribution of cosmopolitan species is an artefact of taxonomy, constrained by the absence of characters for delimiting either sibling or cryptic species. Few studies have assessed the relationship among populations across the global range of the species' distribution, and the presence of oceanographic barriers that might influence gene flow among populations are underestimated.
• 2. In this study, evolutionary and ecological drivers of connectivity patterns have been inferred among populations of the cold-water coral Desmophyllum dianthus, a common and widespread solitary scleractinian species, whose reproduction strategy and larval dispersal are still poorly unknown.
• 3. The genetic structure of D. dianthus was explored using 30 microsatellites in 347 specimens from 13 localities distributed in the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
• 4. Results clearly reveal genetically differentiated populations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (F_ST = 0.16, F_SC = 0.01, F_CT = 0.15, P-values highly significant), and Chilean and New Zealand populations with independent genetic profiles.
• 5. Marine connectivity patterns at different spatial scales are discussed to characterize larval dispersal and gene flow through the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

     

Using fishers' anecdotes, naturalists' observations and grey literature to reassess marine species at risk: the case of the Gulf grouper in the Gulf of California, Mexico

Designing fishing policies without knowledge of past levels of target species abundance is a dangerous omission for fisheries management. However, as fisheries monitoring started long after exploitation of many species began, this is a difficult issue to address. Here we show how the ‘shifting baseline’ syndrome can affect the stock assessment of a vulnerable species by masking real population trends and thereby put marine animals at serious risk. Current fishery data suggest that landings of the large Gulf grouper (Mycteroperca jordani, Serranidae) are increasing in the Gulf of California. However, reviews of historical evidence, naturalists’ observations and a systematic documentation of fishers’ perceptions of trends in the abundance of this species indicate that it has dramatically declined. The heyday for the Gulf grouper fishery occurred prior to the 1970s, after which abundance dropped rapidly, probably falling to a few percent of former numbers. This decline happened long before fishery statistics were formally developed. We use the case of the Gulf grouper to illustrate how other vulnerable tropical and semi‐tropical fish and shellfish species around the world may be facing the same fate as the Gulf grouper. In accordance with other recent studies, we recommend using historical tools as part of a broad data‐gathering approach to assess the conservation status of marine species that are vulnerable to over‐exploitation.     

基于能值分析的武安市农业生态安全预警（英）

农业生态系统是人类所控制和管理的自然-人工复合生态经济系统。农业生态系统的变化预测对区域农业生态安全和控制农业系统退化起着重要的作用。基于农业生态系统的能值分析,预测区域生态安全能够为农业生态安全提供借鉴和预警,从而可以尽早提出警报,采取措施有效地抑制、减轻、控制和规范农业生态系统的恶化,最终使农业生态系统可持续发展。本文分析了河北省武安市1997年至2008年的农业生态系统内的能量输入输出,采用灰色预测系统模型,建立了河北省武安市农田的预警系统,为农田的正确使用提供借鉴。结果表明河北省武安市农业的发展仍然依赖于非再生资源的输入和高排放的环境压力,从而使武安市农田系统处于不可持续状态。它从1997年的安全降低到2008年的预警,而且在2015年,2020年仍将处于预警的农业生态安全。此外,各区域的农业生态安全存在明显的差异。基于此,本文提出了可持续的农业发展对策,为土地使用的可持续发展提供借鉴。     

Resolving the urban nest predator paradox: The role of alternative foods for nest predators

Urbanization is a leading cause of species endangerment in the United States; however, certain species thrive in urban habitats. The loss of key predators or the addition of new predators in urban areas could alter the structure of urban communities. A reduction in nest predation is hypothesized to explain the high density of urban birds, yet urban areas typically have increased populations of avian nest predators. The loss of important nest predators in urban habitats, prey switching of urban predators, or successful nest defense against avian nest predators could explain this urban nest predator paradox. To assess these hypotheses I compared nest predation rates of Northern mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) in parking lots and residential neighborhoods to populations in pastures and wildlife preserves during 2007–2009 in Florida, USA and placed video cameras on a subset of nests in 2008–2009. Data do not support the hypothesis that urban nest predation rates are consistently lower than non-urban nest predation rates. Of the 56 nest predation events recorded, cats were the dominant urban predator and Cooper’s hawks (Accipiter cooperii) were the dominant non-urban predator. There was no evidence for a loss of important nest predators in urban habitats; however, prey switching by Cooper’s hawks likely occurred. There was also indirect evidence for the importance of nest defense. Furthermore, some of the cats recorded as nest predators in residential neighborhoods were owned cats and all but one cat predation event occurred at night. To reduce nest predation rates, cat owners should keep their cats indoors at night.     

长白山森工集团天保工程生态效益动态变化

基于2000年底和2015年底,长白山森工集团森林资源二类调查数据和森林生态站长期监测数据,利用森林生态系统服务全指标体系,连续观测与清查(简称森林生态连清)体系,采用分布式测算方法,对研究区天然林生态系统,从涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、林木积累营养物质、净化大气环境和生物多样性保护等6项服务进行评估,量化并揭示长白山森工集团天保工程生态效益的动态变化.结果表明:在天保工程实施后,天然林各项生态系统服务物质量和价值量均呈现增加趋势,物质量增加量分别为涵养水源7.78亿t/a、保育土壤2 255.32万t/a、固碳释氧量191.87万t/a、林木积累营养物质6.35万t/a、释放负离子0.22×10”个/a、吸收污染物量2 879.16万kg/a、吸滞PM10总物质量122.43万kg/a、吸滞PM2.5总物质量18.38万kg/a;价值量增加381.75亿元/a,6项服务的价值量贡献顺序依次为生物多样性保护＞涵养水源＞保育土壤＞净化大气环境＞固碳释氧＞林木积累营养物质,其中,生物多样性保护和涵养水源为研究区天然林生态系统服务的主导功能.天保工程实施后,保育土壤功能的生态系统服务价值量增加量最大,占总增加量的27％,涵养水源次之,对该区天然林生态效益影响最大.该研究为天保工程的后续开展提供借鉴和参考,为天然林的经营管理提供科学依据和指导.     

祁连山森林土壤的水文生态效应

祁连山水源涵养林受立地水热条件的影响和自然、历史干扰,多世代演替共存,分布占祁连山3个垂直气候带,主要由湿性灌丛林、青海云杉林、祁连圆柏林、干性灌丛林4种类型组成,6个林型即湿性灌丛林、藓类青海云杉林、灌木青海云杉林、草类青海云杉林、祁连圆柏林、干性灌丛林。调查研究表明,各类森林枯落物(层)的现存量,组成成分、持水率、持水量等均不相同。森林土壤矿质层的主要物理性质因森林类型而不同,并均随着土壤的深度呈某种规律性的变异。森林土壤的持水量主要受土壤孔隙度的影响。在祁连山林区,森林土壤的持水量较非林地(牧坡草地)土壤为高,在各森林类型中青海云杉林和灌丛林的持水量,较祁连圆柏林为高。     

流溪河国家森林公园森林景观稳定性评价

在ARC/INFO支持下,将广州市流溪河森林公园划分为16个景观类型,选取12个景观稳定性指标,建立森林景观稳定性评价指标体系,利用FRAG STATS软件定量计算景观指标值,建立景观指标标准化矩阵,构造森林景观稳定性综合评价模型.结果表明:流溪河森林景观类型的稳定性差异较大,其稳定性大小依次为硬阔叶林—阔叶混交林—竹林—软阔叶林—非林地—针阔混交林—杉木—木荷—相思—茶叶—马尾松—荔枝—湿地松—龙眼—木本果树—未成林造林地.     

四川桤木人工林不同年龄段生物量的研究

对湖南湘西北地区3个立地条件相近的5年生、8年生和14年生四川桤木人工林的生物量进行了研究.结果表明:3个年龄段桤木林分的生产力分别为14.40、13.30、16.67 t·hm-2,均表现出较大的生产力.     

青岛老城区里院街区空间解析——基于城市设计基础理论的分析

“里院”是青岛老城一种特有的居住形式,文章运用图底理论,行为场所理论这些当代城市设计的基础理论,对里院街区空间和里院街区开敞空间进行了分析。保护里院街区空间也不应仅仅停留在物质形态,重点也是要考虑居民的需求,以尊重他们的行为方式作为前提,在此基础上提高他们的生活品质。